過去完成時(shí)

　　一、 概念

　　過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。

　　----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------->

　　那時(shí)以前　          那時(shí)　               現(xiàn)在

　　二、 構(gòu)成

　　過去完成時(shí)由“助動詞had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

　　例如：

　　They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

　　他們來賓館之前就已經(jīng)吃過飯了。

　　He didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.

　　他直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。

　　三、 用法

　　1. 過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

　　例如：

　　When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

　　我醒來時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)

　　He had left when I arrived.   當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)他已經(jīng)離開。

　　2. 過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動作相比較時(shí)才使用它。

　　例如：

　　She told me that she had written a new novel.

　　她告訴我她已經(jīng)寫好一本小說了。(had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )

　　I found the watch which I had lost.   我找到了我丟失的表。

　　3. 過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already，yet，still，just，before，never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by，before，until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。

　　例如：

　　Before she came to China, Amy had taught English in a middle school for about five years.

　　艾米來中國之前，在一所中學(xué)已經(jīng)教了五年英語。

　　Tom had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was seven.

　　湯姆在七歲時(shí)已經(jīng)集了300多張中國郵票。

　　4. 過去完成時(shí)表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。

　　例如：

　　By the end of last year, my father had worked in the factory for twenty years.

　　去年年底時(shí)，爸爸已經(jīng)在工廠工作二十年了。( had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)

　　By six o’clock he had worked eleven hours. 到6點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)他就已經(jīng)工作了11小時(shí)。

　　5. 動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。

　　例如：

　　I had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

　　我本來打算去幫忙，但沒有及時(shí)趕到那里。

　　They had hoped to be able to come and see you.

　　他們本來希望能來看看你。

　　6. 過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

　　例如：

　　Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

　　他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

　　No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

　　他剛到就又走了。

　　It was the third time that she had been out of work that year.

　　這是她那一年第三次失業(yè)了。

　　過去完成時(shí)的用法總結(jié)如下表：

　　過 去 完 成 時(shí)

　　構(gòu)成 助動詞 had+動詞的過去分詞

　　基

　　本

　　用

　　法 1) 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動作以前完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”�？梢杂胋y,

　　before等介詞短語或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示

　　2)表示由過去的某一時(shí)刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語連用

　　3)過去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中，這時(shí)從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前

　　4)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞所表示的過去動作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動作通常用過去完成時(shí)表示

　　和其它時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別 過去完成時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的某動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，或是由過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作

　　過去完成時(shí)則主要體現(xiàn)過去發(fā)生的動作先后有別，表達(dá)的是“過去的過去”

　　過去完成時(shí)/一般過去時(shí)

　　過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)某動作在過去某時(shí)間或另一動作之前已完成

　　一般過去時(shí)僅表示動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生過，不強(qiáng)調(diào)與另一動作的比較

　　注

　　意

　　事

　　項(xiàng) 1)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時(shí)來表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。

　　2) 過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。

　　3)It/This was +序數(shù)詞 time或最高級 that 后面的從句用過去完成時(shí)。

　　4)用于表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句中

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的某動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果，或是由過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。

　　例如：

　　I have cleaned the classroom.

　　我打掃干凈教室了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)掃地所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果：地干凈了!)

　　They have lived here for twenty years.

　　他們住在這二十年了。(“住”從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

　　We have lived in Beijing since we came China.

　　自我們來中國就住在北京了。(“住”是從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

　　過去完成時(shí)則主要體現(xiàn)過去發(fā)生的兩動作的先后有別，表達(dá)的是“過去的過去”，即比過去發(fā)生的某動作都還要“過去”，兩動作中先發(fā)生的就用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則只用一般過去時(shí)。運(yùn)用過去完成時(shí)的句子往往有兩過去的時(shí)間或動作。

　　例如：

　　Mr Smith had lived in London for ten years before he came to China.

　　史密斯先生在來中國之前就已經(jīng)在倫敦住過十年了。(“來”中國已成過去，而先前“住”在紐約就是過去的過去!)

　　We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term.

　　在上期期末，我們就已經(jīng)學(xué)了2000個(gè)單詞。

　　(“上期期末”已過去，而在其前“學(xué)”的就更過去了!)

　　過去完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)

　　一、單項(xiàng)填空

　　1. When Li Ming hurried home, he found that his mother ____already ____to hospital.

　　A. has; been sent      B. had; sent      C. has; sent      D. had; been sent

　　2. The students _______ several new English songs by the end of last term.

　　A. had learned        B. learned       C. have learned    D. will have learned

　　3. Lu Mei told me she _____breakfast, so she was very hungry after having two classes.

　　A. has had           B. hasn't have     C. have had      D. hadn't had

　　4. Hardly ______ to the bus stop when the bus left, which drove them crazy.

　　A did they get         B they got       C had they got      D has they got

　　5. She _____her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____home.

　　A has left; comes     B had left; would come     C had left; came     D left; had come

　　6. Mr. Black said that it was at least ten years since he _____a good drink.

　　A had enjoyed       B was enjoying      C have enjoyed    D have been enjoying

　　7. I ______ to catch the first train but I got up too late this morning.

　　A. hoping           B. had hoped       C. has hoped     D. would hope

　　8. Dr. Brown was very disappointed that one third of the guests _____ when he _____ at the party.

　　A. left; had arrived    B. left; arrived      C. had left; had arrived   D. had left; arrived

　　9. Tom first met me 10 years ago. I______ in a radio factory at that time.

　　A. had worked      B. have worked     C. was working      D. has been working

　　10. ---- What ______ when I phoned you?

　　---- I ______ my work, and wanted to go out for a walk.

　　A. have you done; finished             B. were you doing; have finished

　　C. did you do; had just finished         D. were you doing; had just finished

　　11. It is very clear that you were in a hurry. You ______ your sweater inside out.

　　A. had worn       B. wore       C. were wearing       D. are wearing

　　12. ---- We ______ that you would fix the TV set this week.

　　---- I’m sorry. I ______ to fix it this week, but I’ve been too busy.

　　A. had expected; had intended      B. are expecting; had intended

　　C. expect; intend                 D. expected; intend

　　13. ---Alice came back home the day before yesterday.

　　---Really? Where ______?

　　A. has she been       B. had she been     C. has she gone         D. had she gone

　　14. Mr. Green and I are familiar with each other; we ______ to each other at an international conference.

　　A. are introduced                    B. are being introduced

　　C. were introduced                   D. had been introduced

　　15. --- Did he notice you enter the room?

　　--- I don’t think so. He ______ to the radio with his eyes shut.

　　A. listened            B. was listening   　C. has listened       D. had listened

　　16. Tom and Jack met again in the street that day. Until then, they _____ each other for nearly two years.

　　A. didn’t see      B. hadn’t seen    C. haven’t seen      D. haven’t been seen

　　17. ---Jane, do you still remember the first time we met?

　　---Of course I do. You ______ in the library.

　　A. were reading          B. had read        C. have read        D. read

　　18. A lot of my friends want to buy that kind of cloth because they _____ the cloth ______ well.

　　A. have told; washes                     B. have been told; washes

　　C. was told; washed                      D. have been told; is washed

　　19. The young professor talked for about nearly two hours yesterday. Never ______ him talk so much.

　　A.I heard           B. did I hear         C.I had heard             D. had I heard

　　20. Ms Wang ______ to the office than she got down to writing the report.

　　A. has no sooner got    B. had hardly got   C. no sooner got    D. had no sooner got

　　21. My dictionary ______. I have looked for it everywhere but still ______it.

　　A. has lost; don’t find         　B. is missing; don’t find

　　C. has lost; haven’t found        D. is missing; haven’t found

　　22. --- Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?

　　--- Of course. What is it?

　　--- I ______ if you could take me to the station.

　　A. would wonder    B. did wonder      C. was wondering       D. had wondered

　　23. ---Hi, Liu Tao. I dropped in at your house at about ten last night, but you weren’t in.

　　---Oh, I ______ regular exercise at the club.

　　A. did          B. was doing         C. had done             D have been doing

　　24. All the policemen’s attention was suddenly caught by a small dusty box which____ placed in the corner of the room.

　　A. has been         B. was being       C. had been         D. would be

　　25. By the time I got home yesterday, my husband _______ cooking the dinner.

　　A. had finished      B. finished         C. has finished     D. finishes

　　26. My friend asked me whether it was the first time that I ______ skiing.

　　A. went            B. has gone         C. had gone       D. would go

　　27. To everyone’s surprise, Mr Smith’s son spent much more money than he ______ on the journey.

　　A. will plan         B. has planned       C. would plan     D. had planned

　　28. If he ________ to the meeting yesterday, I would have met him.

　　A. had come         B. came            C. would come    D. was coming

　　29. I was late for the interview yesterday. I ________ the road to be so crowded.

　　A. wouldn’t expect    B. haven’t expected   C. wasn’t expecting D. hadn’t expected

　　30. ---How long had the hotel _______ fire when the firemen got there?

　　---For an hour or so.

　　A. caught           B. been caught        C. been on       D. been catching

　　二、用所給動詞的正確形式填空

　　1 By the time we got to the airport, the plane _______ (take) off.

　　2 The children ________ (have) the book for two weeks before they returned it to the library.

　　3 He ______ (study) English for five years before he came here.

　　4 When I woke up this morning, I found that it ________ (stop) snowing.

　　5 The boy _____ (not watch) the movie because he had watched it twice.

　　6 Kate told me that it was the second time that she _______ (go) skating.

　　7 When Jim _____ (come) to China two years ago, he found people didn't understand him at all though he ________(learn) some Chinese in his own country.

　　8 I saw Han Mei yesterday. We _____ (not see) each other since we left Beijing.

　　9 If you _______ (work) harder, you would have passed the examination.

　　10 No sooner had we got there than it ______ (begin) to rain.

　　三、句子改錯(cuò)

　　1. When she got home last night, her three children went to bed.

　　2. I didn't go to see the firm because I saw it before.

　　3. The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.

　　4. By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.

　　5. Jim got seriously ill. He didn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.

　　四、中譯英

　　1 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始十分鐘了。

　　2他們本來計(jì)劃在上個(gè)周末前到達(dá)中國的。

　　3火車開出之前，所有的參觀者就已經(jīng)到了車站。

　　4 我告訴了我美國的朋友在過去的三十年里中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

　　5 我原以為這是他第一次遲到。

　　五、真題回顧

　　1. The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time.

　　A. sold           B. had been sold       C. were sold     D. would sell

　　2. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ___ there several years ago.

　　A. are going       B. had been           C. went       D. have been

　　3. ----Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.

　　----Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.

　　A. have just thought             B. was just thinking

　　C. would just think              D. will just be thinking

　　4. ----Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?

　　----I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.

　　A. had to          B. didn’t          C. was going to        D. wouldn’t

　　5. ----Did you tidy your room?

　　---- No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.

　　A. had            B. have            C. have had          D. will have

　　6. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances _____ in the past years.

　　A. discovered                   B. have discovered

　　C. had been discovered            D. have been discovered

　　7. They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.

　　A. had got            B. got        C. have got        D. get

　　8. ---Did Peter fix the computer himself?

　　---He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers.

　　A. has it fixed       B. had fixed it     C. had it fixed      D. fixed it

　　9. I got caught in the rain and my suit ____.

　　A. has ruined         B. had ruined      C. has been ruined     D. had been ruined

　　10. ---It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.

　　---Oh, don’t mention it. I _____ past your house anyway.

　　A. was coming       B. will come        C. had come          D. have come

　　11. ---I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.

　　---Impossible. She ____TV with me in my home then.

　　A. watched          B. had watched       C. would watch       D. was watching

　　12. As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards, graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers.

　　A. are marked        B. were marked       C. have marked       D. had marked

　　13. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______

　　A. has been reached   B. had been reached    C. has reached        D. had reached

　　14. ---you __him around the museum yet?

　　---Yes. We had a great time there.

　　A. Have; shown      B. Do; show           C. Had; shown       D. Did; show

　　15. I ____ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.

　　A. would be         B. have been           C. had been         D. will be

　　參 考 答 案

　　一、單項(xiàng)填空

　　1----5 DADCC       6----10 ABDCD    11----15 AABCB    16----20 BABDD

　　21----25 DCBCA    26----30 CDADC

　　二、用所給動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

　　1. had taken    2. had had    3. had studied         4. had stopped

　　5. didn’t watch  6. had gone   7. came; had learned   8. hadn’t seen

　　9. had worked   10. began

　　三、句子改錯(cuò)

　　1. went  改成 had gone            2. saw 改成  had seen

　　3. has stopped 改成  had stopped    4. learned  改成 had learned

　　5. didn’t 改成 hadn’t

　　四、中譯英

　　1. When we got to the cinema, the movie had already been on for ten minutes.

　　2. They had planned to reach China before the end of last week.

　　3. All the visitors had got to the station before the train set off.

　　4. I told my American friends that great changes had taken place in China over the past 30 years.

　　5. I thought this was the first time that he had been late.

　　五、真題回顧

　　1----5  CDBCA     6----10  DBACA     11----15   DBBAC