锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷目锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷★拷要锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟铰緒論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷0%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袡C锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟侥猴拷锟絰锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷芯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸擄拷锟斤拷锟斤拷\锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.1锟剿斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暮锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷史

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2.1锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)式

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2.2锟斤拷锟絩锟絀锟侥憋拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟絀锟侥咃拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷元锟截碉拷锟截�(f锟斤拷)锟皆猴拷锟絀锟侥極锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2.3锟斤拷锟絩锟絀锟侥旓拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2.4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟洁互锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.2.5锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.3锟剿斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟絚锟叫撅拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷惴斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷飽和烴锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟酵環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷8%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷同系锟叫★拷同锟街�锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷碳原锟接碉拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟介、锟斤拷锟斤拷臉锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁互锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)變锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.2锟剿斤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟杰度★拷锟杰斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟桔癸拷锟绞★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絭锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷N锟侥侊拷源锟斤拷锟狡傦拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.4锟剿斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷N锟斤拷同系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟届異锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷環(hu锟斤拷n)锟酵橈拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷小锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟侥忥拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒穩(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟�(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷N锟侥加成凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰诧拷飽和烴锟斤拷烯锟絅锟斤拷炔锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷6%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸嗭拷烯锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸嗭拷烯锟絅锟侥凤拷類★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同锟街�锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.1锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟絅锟斤拷炔锟絅锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷π锟絀

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.2锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟絅锟斤拷炔锟絅锟斤拷同锟街�锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷順凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷Z/E锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)記锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟絅锟斤拷炔锟絅锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.1锟斤拷锟秸催伙拷锟接氾拷锟竭�原锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿電加成ｏ拷锟絚X2锟斤拷HX[锟絉锟较ｏ拷Markovnikov規(gu锟斤拷)锟絫锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)]锟斤拷H2SO4锟斤拷HOX锟斤拷H2O锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.3锟斤拷锟斤拷炔锟絅锟斤拷锟紿锟剿加筹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絠锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷统锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.5锟剿斤拷酆戏锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.6锟斤拷锟斤拷α-H原锟接碉拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.3.7锟斤拷锟斤拷炔锟絅锟侥活潑锟戒反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷炔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷院锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷炔锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.4锟剿斤拷烯锟絅锟侥侊拷源锟斤拷锟狡傦拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.4.1烯锟絅锟斤拷锟狡備方锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷N脫锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.4.2炔锟絅锟斤拷锟狡備方锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷投锟轿蝗诧拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰讹拷烯锟絅锟斤拷軛锟絯系锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷3%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4.1锟剿斤拷锟较╋拷N锟侥凤拷類猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解共軛锟斤拷烯锟絅锟侥凤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟截別锟斤拷1,3-锟斤拷锟斤拷烯锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷途锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷軛锟絯系

锟斤拷锟斤拷4.2锟斤拷锟秸癸拷軛锟斤拷烯锟絅锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接成凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟揭讹拷斯-锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰ｏ拷Diels-Alder锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟接成凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟桔合凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷4.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥讹拷烯锟絅锟侥侊拷源锟斤拷锟狡凤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰凤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷9%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸凤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷徒Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟截別锟角憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸凤拷锟絅類伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷H锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥讹拷位規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴碉拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷釋ｏ拷锟斤拷锟杰戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫碉拷锟叫機锟较筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解苯锟斤拷锟阶憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷途锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟姐化锟斤拷锟斤拷头潜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w系

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.1锟斤拷锟秸凤拷锟斤拷N锟侥橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟届異锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軋F锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.3锟剿斤拷苇h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.4锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同系锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紿锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)[锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷-锟剿ｏ拷Fridel-Crafts锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)]锟斤拷锟紿锟饺★拷锟斤拷臍v锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥讹拷位規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷釋和合筹拷锟较的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟酵燂拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)鏈的凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.5锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.5.1锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.5.2锟剿斤拷锟斤拷头坪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.6锟斤拷锟秸非憋拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟叫旓拷锟斤拷菘硕锟斤拷锟紿uckel锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟絫

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.7锟剿解芳锟絅锟侥侊拷源

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷4%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.1锟剿解對映锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.2锟斤拷锟秸猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳原锟接伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膶锟接筹拷锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.2.1锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥的岋拷映锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷映锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟組歇锟斤拷锟斤拷Fischer锟斤拷投影式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵和絕锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵碉拷R/S锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷D/L锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.2.2锟斤拷锟叫兩傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥的岋拷映锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟角岋拷映锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥的產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆合成猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥诧拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸岋拷映锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紺锟斤拷锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.4锟斤拷锟斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥岋拷映锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷映锟絯锟酵非岋拷映锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膶锟接筹拷锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟狡催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷12%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟侥凤拷類猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸幾種锟斤拷要锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟狡備方锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.1锟剿斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟侥凤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同锟街�锟斤拷锟�(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.2锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷锟缴烴锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟缴达拷锟狡備、锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟侥伙拷锟絈锟斤拷锟截碉拷锟絵锟狡傦拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟劫凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.1.1取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絬锟絰锟接斤拷锟絈

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.1.2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷Saytzeff锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟絫

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.1.3锟絚锟斤拷锟劫凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷Grignard锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟皆囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诤铣锟斤拷系膽锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥機锟斤拷锟斤拷SN1锟斤拷SN2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥機锟斤拷E1锟斤拷E2

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.3.3锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷H锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絬原锟接★拷锟紿锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟缴種锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟节的革拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.4锟剿斤拷锟絬锟斤拷烯锟絅锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷7.5锟剿斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节帮拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷V锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷3%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟斤拷锟剿磁癸拷锟斤拷锟絍锟侥伙拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟統锟斤拷锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟侥伙拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟矫革拷锟絅锟絍锟紻锟侥綜锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟较猴拷锟轿伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絕(q锟斤拷)锟叫旓拷锟絕锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.1锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷V

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.1.1锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟紻锟侥憋拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.1.2锟剿斤拷影響紅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷號位锟狡碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.1.3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟杰團锟侥紅锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵猴拷锟轿碉拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷募t锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟紻锟侥斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.2锟剿磁癸拷锟斤拷锟絍

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.2.1锟剿斤拷舜殴锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟接和诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷偶锟较筹拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.2.2锟斤拷锟秸猴拷锟轿碉拷锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暮舜殴锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟侥忥拷锟斤拷锟絚锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟接旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偶锟较猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖凤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.3.1锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟侥伙拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟紻锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟筋惢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷S锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟絚锟斤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.4锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8.4.1锟剿斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟侥伙拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絚锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟絰锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟紻锟絰锟接碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟轿成硷拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟轿成碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟絍锟紻锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节撅拷锟铰达拷锟酵酚ｏ拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷10%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接的凤拷類猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟届異锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸达拷锟斤拷锟接碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絀—锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆的岋拷锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絙锟絜锟酵合成凤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解醇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9.1锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9.1.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸达拷锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟筋潑锟斤拷锟劫凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絚锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絚锟給锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷脫水锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷釋ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟戒反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)Cu锟斤拷OH锟斤拷2锟斤拷HIO4锟斤拷片锟饺达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫換锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9.2锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9.2.1锟接碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸凤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟紷色锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷FeCl3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟较碉拷锟紿锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷9.3锟斤拷锟秸达拷锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絅水锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷Grignard锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟侥合筹拷锟斤拷烯锟絅锟较成ｏ拷锟剿斤拷拥锟斤拷品锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿�锟解；锟截碉拷锟絵水锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟窖和環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷2%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷10.1锟斤拷悉锟窖和環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷徒Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖和環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷苽浞斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷10.2锟窖和環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷突锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴★拷锟斤拷锟絀锟侥旓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷Grignard锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉森锟斤拷Claisen锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十一锟斤拷醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷13%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟筋悺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷要醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟较成凤拷锟斤拷锟酵戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.1醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.1.1锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津、猴拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟侥加成凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷驶锟斤拷锟斤拷缘锟斤拷锟斤拷兀锟斤拷锟紿CN锟斤拷NaHSO3锟斤拷RSH锟斤拷RMgX锟斤拷ROH锟斤拷H2O锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷募映锟�-锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷魏锟斤拷a锟斤拷Wittig锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟铰ｏ拷ylide锟斤拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.1.2锟斤拷锟斤拷α—锟斤拷原锟接的凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟铰凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸縮锟较凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絬醛锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷R森-斯锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷Claisen-Schmidt锟斤拷锟絪锟较凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟窖狅拷锟斤拷Perkin锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷mannich锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.1.3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷a)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫傦拷锟斤拷Tollens锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟街ｏ拷Fehling锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷b)還原锟斤拷H2,LiAlH4锟斤拷NaBH4锟斤拷B2H6,Zn/Hg/H+锟斤拷NH2NH2/KOH锟斤拷還原锟缴达拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟缴烴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟絛锟斤拷Clemmensen锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟戒爾锟斤拷—锟絖歇锟絳锟斤拷Wollf-Kishner锟斤拷—锟絊锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷c)锟界化锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷_锟斤拷Cannizzaro锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.2锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴讹拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷—锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷炔锟絅锟斤拷锟绞伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原

锟斤拷锟斤拷11.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷烯酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺诧拷飽猴拷锟绞伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉α,β—锟斤拷飽猴拷醛酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷1,4—锟接筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烯規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷6%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟筋惡锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷12.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷12.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絚锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟絋锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷軛效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷影響ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷12.3锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷苽洌猴拷蔁N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟解及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機試锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞皆囷拷锟斤拷苽锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷12.4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟叫氾拷原锟接的凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷影锟�锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷α—H锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒化锟絏锟竭�原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥機锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟叫碉拷锟饺伙拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥歷锟教ｏ拷锟経锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷同位锟截凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷軣岱达拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷12.5锟剿斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷10%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟筋惡锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷13.1锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁互锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟接筹拷—锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絭锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解及锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Hofffmann锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷13.2锟剿解常锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷β-锟斤拷锟绞伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷8%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷14.1锟剿斤拷酮-烯锟斤拷锟侥伙拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷β-锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷烯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷14.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷苽锟斤拷c锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷a)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节合筹拷锟较的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷b)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诤铣锟斤拷系膽锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷14.3锟剿解常見锟侥活潑锟斤拷锟阶伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷4%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷類★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸帮拷類伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷類★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴猴拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膽锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.1.1锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.1.2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷α—锟斤拷原锟接碉拷影響ｏ拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.1.3锟斤拷悉锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷TNT

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.1锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟皆和癸拷锟絍锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.1锟斤拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵堿锟皆ｏ拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟皆硷拷影響堿锟皆达拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.2锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟侥硷拷锟紷锟絵锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫ｏ拷锟截底甲伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥硷拷锟紷锟紸锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟狡催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Hofmann锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.3锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷u锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺ｏ拷锟絛斯锟斤拷Hinsberg锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Cope锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.5锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟劫芬歐一锟斤拷姆锟絇锟絑锟斤拷沫h(hu锟斤拷n)锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.2.6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷Mannich锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟戒應(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.2.3锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟秸帮拷锟斤拷锟狡備：锟斤拷锟津胺的烴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟侥帮拷锟解（锟斤拷炔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟金爾ｏ拷Gabriei锟斤拷锟较成凤拷锟斤拷锟矫达拷锟狡傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原:锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷肟碉拷還原,醛锟斤拷酮锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡傦拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截碉拷锟斤拷偶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.3.1锟截碉拷锟絵锟斤拷锟狡凤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.3.2锟截碉拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷去锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷—H锟斤拷OH锟斤拷—X锟斤拷—CN取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷偶锟较猴拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截碉拷锟絵锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟节合筹拷锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15.4锟斤拷彤锟斤拷妫猴拷锟斤拷咏Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟竭�原锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶和猴拷锟借化锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷0%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟津化猴拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟叫機锟阶伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)藥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰和戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解含锟借化锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷16.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷原锟接碉拷锟斤拷訕锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟酵和筹拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷16.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟津化猴拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷秃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷秃铣锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津醇猴拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟角帮拷藥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷16.3锟斤拷锟阶伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟轿成硷拷锟斤拷锟絵锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷希锟斤拷Wittig锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷16.4锟剿斤拷锟叫機锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)藥锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)藥锟侥勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷藥效锟酵凤拷锟給锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)藥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷16.5锟剿解常見锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介及锟借醇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暮铣杉锟斤拷鋺�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷2%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解常見锟絪锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷院秃锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呋锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺的合成硷拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紿锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷啶★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鹊幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紿锟饺★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.1锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟筋惡锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷g锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.2锟斤拷悉锟斤拷元锟絪锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤：呋锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟狡備。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒化锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵猴拷锟轿凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷元锟絪锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.3.1锟斤拷啶的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.3.2锟斤拷啶硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17.4一锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷s锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤：锟斤拷锟结及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铮ㄋ癸拷藠W锟斤拷Skraup锟较成凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街�類ｏ拷锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷0%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷18.1锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟缴的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟組锟缴猴拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿斤拷蠟锟斤拷锟斤拷脂

锟斤拷锟斤拷18.2锟剿斤拷锟斤拷類的讹拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较┮�(gu锟斤拷)锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解常見锟狡伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絍A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟截★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷稀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏

锟斤拷锟斤拷18.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟藉化锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷羌芎锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷碳水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷0%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷碳水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟角ｏ拷锟侥猴拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷D—系锟叫嗭拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟角的環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷鏈狅拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟津異伙拷锟斤拷锟矫猴拷變锟斤拷原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷追N碳水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤（锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟桔★拷锟絯锟絊锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷途

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.1锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟角結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.1.1锟斤拷锟角碉拷碳锟杰結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角的橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷式锟侥確锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)[锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷Haworth锟斤拷透視式锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷式]

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.1.2锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷虍悩锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚還原锟斤拷锟铰傦拷锟酵凤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟窖猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.1.3锟斤拷要锟侥嗭拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角★拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.2锟剿斤拷锟絧锟角ｏ拷還原锟斤拷锟絧锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷芽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟絧锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷19.3锟剿斤拷锟斤拷牵锟斤拷锟斤拷郏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟截ｏ拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟届紙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟斤拷锟饺甲伙拷锟絯锟絊锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷十锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟结、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵猴拷锟结（锟斤拷锟剿憋拷锟截ｏ拷0%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷悉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵筹拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷牡慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥測锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿解蛋锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿解蛋锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥硷拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷20.1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结：锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷類猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡凤拷[锟剿解氨锟斤拷锟斤拷暮铣桑锟絊trecker锟较筹拷锟斤拷σ-锟絬锟斤拷锟结氨锟解、Gabriel锟较筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)[锟斤拷锟皆和碉拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷醛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟饺凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絚水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酮锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)]

锟斤拷锟斤拷20.2锟剿斤拷锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絖锟斤拷锟酵合筹拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥合成ｏ拷[锟饺伙拷锟侥憋拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷顫婏拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷]锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥讹拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷锟阶革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭產(ch锟斤拷n)锟截猴拷牛锟饺島锟截ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷20.3锟剿解蛋锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥凤拷類猴拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆和碉拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟絲锟絯锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷筒锟斤拷锟斤拷妫╋拷锟剿�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷色锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

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锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

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锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟絵锟酵硷拷锟絰锟街ｏ拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絵锟絪30%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷煞锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)式锟絪15%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟絜锟絵锟絪9%锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟紺锟斤拷锟絵锟絪12%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较筹拷锟絵锟絪24%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡測锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絵锟絪10%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷試锟絵锟統锟阶憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟絪30%锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟統锟斤拷锟絵锟絪45%锟斤拷锟統锟絵锟絪25%锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭碉拷要锟襟：攜锟斤拷鋼筆锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆筆锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教材硷拷锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭等斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界，2005锟斤拷锟斤拷陌锟�

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锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟紸(y锟斤拷)锟統锟斤拷志愿锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號