锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷诙锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)

锟斤拷要锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟矫革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵肯讹拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟矫的伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟接和凤拷锟接★拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷水锟酵無锟紺锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些知锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷牡诙锟斤拷隆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷烁锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟节讹拷锟斤拷知锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷希锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)知锟絉锟斤拷同锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫庯拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷诙锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)一锟斤拷锟組锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟接和凤拷锟斤拷

1锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟絅元锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P锟斤拷Ca(98%)锟斤拷

2锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥伙拷锟斤拷元锟截ｏ拷C元锟斤拷锟斤拷(碳原锟斤拷锟絞锟皆癸拷锟絩锟絀锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴碉拷碳锟�锟斤拷碳锟�?zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�?g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接的伙拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟教硷拷羌锟�锟斤拷)

3锟斤拷缺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟截匡拷锟杰岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：锟斤拷山锟斤拷(缺锟斤拷)

4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟皆和差異锟皆統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟皆ｏ拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节無锟紺锟斤拷然锟界都锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭碉拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷一锟絅元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟�锟斤拷锟筋異锟皆ｏ拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰达拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷诙锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的無锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤：水锟酵無锟紺锟絵

1锟斤拷水

锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷60%-90%锟斤拷锟角活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接碉拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫�锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷軇锟�;锟节咃拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng);锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓輸;锟杰維锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i);锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)l(锟节达拷锟絰锟斤拷盛锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥猴拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟较碉拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角組锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟缴凤拷锟斤拷l(锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使植锟斤拷目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)

2锟斤拷锟給锟紺锟絵

(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟矫�锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟较成忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤。(锟斤拷Mg2+锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟截的成凤拷锟斤拷Fe2+锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷血锟絫锟斤拷锟阶的成凤拷锟斤拷I-锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴甲狅拷锟劫硷拷锟截的成凤拷锟斤拷锟节咃拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絵锟絰锟接濓拷锟斤拷^锟酵硷拷锟斤拷榇�锟斤拷锟絕锟竭硷拷锟解乏锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O 3锟絅元锟截組锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷類革拷锟斤拷N類分诧拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟杰嗭拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷呛锟斤拷莿锟街诧拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟組锟缴猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷軌锟斤拷锟斤拷啥锟斤拷锟斤拷訂锟斤拷堑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街诧拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷芽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角勶拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷軌锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷S锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟接碉拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絯锟絊锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节的伙拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴成凤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟角碉拷水锟斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤：锟斤拷锟斤拷→1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷+1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芽锟斤拷→2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷→1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷+ 1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷→锟斤拷芽锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟斤拷→锟絯锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拥锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰咃拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絉锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭癸拷锟杰碉拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

4.锟角碉拷锟絙锟斤拷

锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液變锟絳(l锟斤拷n)色锟斤拷锟紷锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟缴�锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(2)還原锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷芽锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟斤拷诟锟剿�锟接燂拷l锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟缴磚锟絫色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷疲锟�0.1g/mL锟斤拷NaOH锟斤拷液(2mL)+ 0.05g/mL CuSO4锟斤拷液(4-5锟斤拷)使锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷虾锟绞癸拷锟�锟斤拷锟揭現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟矫★拷

脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)1锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟組锟斤拷(C/H锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟斤拷些還锟斤拷N锟斤拷P

2锟斤拷锟斤拷類ｏ拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街�(锟斤拷锟斤拷脂)锟斤拷锟教达拷(锟斤拷膽锟教达拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟截★拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷D锟斤拷)

3.锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟街�锟叫碉拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟教达拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥營锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵达拷锟絰锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

4锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟終锟斤拷锟斤拷染液染锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊色锟斤拷(锟节岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�50%锟狡撅拷洗去锟斤拷色→锟紷微锟絉锟絕锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟絊色脂锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷诙锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

1锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)還锟斤拷锟斤拷S

2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴嗭拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷s20锟絅)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)通式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袛啵猴拷锟酵�锟絩锟叫帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟紹锟斤拷同一锟斤拷碳原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷20锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膮^(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷R锟斤拷锟侥诧拷同)

3.锟轿成ｏ拷锟絊锟洁氨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵�锟絕脫水锟絪锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟絀(-CO-NH-)锟斤拷锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷鏈盤锟斤拷锟桔疊锟轿筹拷锟叫癸拷锟杰的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷咏M锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷n(n≥3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷I锟斤拷锟紹锟轿成碉拷锟斤拷鏈★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷原锟津：組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈的帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N類★拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥诧拷同;锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷鏈的旓拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同

4.計锟姐：一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)(脫去锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接旓拷(sh锟斤拷))=锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结數(sh锟斤拷)-锟斤拷鏈條锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫猴拷锟叫帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷))=锟斤拷鏈條锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)

5.锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拥锟斤拷锟揭�锟叫擄拷(d锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰硷拷锟絜锟斤拷)6.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟絧锟絪锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟缴�锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絧锟絪锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡ｏ拷0.1g/mL锟斤拷NaOH锟斤拷液(2mL)锟斤拷0.01g/mL CuSO4锟斤拷液(3-4锟斤拷)使锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絖使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺硷拷NaOH锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟劫硷拷CuSO4锟斤拷液锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷诙锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

1锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P 5锟絅元锟截橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷

2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷+1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷+1锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷)1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(4锟絅)1锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(A锟斤拷T锟斤拷G锟斤拷C)锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷(4锟絅)1锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(A锟斤拷U锟斤拷G锟斤拷C)

3锟斤拷锟絅類ｏ拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷(DNA)锟酵猴拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷(RNA)锟絅锟接�锟侥縮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴嗭拷位锟斤拷锟节堬拷锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷DNA脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(4锟絅)锟斤拷要锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟酵撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(4锟絅)锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥合筹拷锟斤拷(原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

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锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號