锟斤拷锟叫歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷一該锟斤拷螐锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷) 知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷些

锟叫很讹拷锟酵�锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟角非筹拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷一該锟斤拷螐锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷息锟斤拷希锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�!

锟斤拷锟叫歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

一锟斤拷目錄忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟缴科碉拷目錄猴拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷每一锟斤拷元要锟芥及锟侥嗭拷锟絵一锟斤拷锟斤拷一目锟斤拷然锟斤拷每一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷元锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿分斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟街凤拷锟剿幾癸拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷;锟铰癸拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴碉拷锟接嗭拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷目錄侊拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絍目锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆匡拷锟絯锟斤拷锟秸ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接革拷锟絉锟斤拷全锟芥看锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟絢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詮锟侥夸浛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷}锟襟，扣曪拷锟絔目思锟斤拷锟截戯拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟侥匡拷锟皆匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节撅拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絘(b锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)目錄的撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷每一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷元锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷V锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絳锟斤拷系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟剿ｏ拷锟节帮拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絵锟紺锟较忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶碉拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)一锟斤拷元锟襟，匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰凤拷閱憋拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿诧拷漏锟斤拷缺锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)一锟斤拷鞏固憋拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫網(w锟斤拷ng)锟絡(lu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絛一些锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟铰ｏ拷锟紷锟接的凤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接碉拷锟届練锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟叫歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷一锟斤拷元 锟脚达拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷

(锟脚达拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟杰時(sh锟斤拷)锟节碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度的冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷影锟�?

锟截斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟狡度的冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷影锟�?

锟絟锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度碉拷锟斤拷變锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)?(锟截凤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫問锟絵)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷贫鹊募訌锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)?

锟脚达拷锟叫囷拷锟絰锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟斤拷變锟絭锟斤拷?

锟脚达拷锟叫囷拷锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟狡度發(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟斤拷?

一锟斤拷锟街凤拷锟斤拷

目锟侥ｏ拷鞏固囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷ｏ拷锟劫分封對锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺达拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰凤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(w锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟截斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳貢锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇锟斤拷職锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰凤拷锟竭欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——職位锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟矫官員锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟劫加忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接岋拷锟截凤拷锟侥癸拷轄锟斤拷锟节擴(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿區(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷邊锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟截區(q锟斤拷);锟斤拷锟轿成岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷胃锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟杰成烇拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷膹锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷喈�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷莫锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰凤拷锟窖革拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷系血锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷S系锟斤拷锟轿等硷拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷鞏固統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿碉拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟狡度★拷

锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟街凤拷锟狡碉拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟街凤拷锟狡猴拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度的兩达拷支锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铩�

影響ｏ拷锟节凤拷锟狡憋拷锟紺锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较的壟旓拷锟斤拷貦锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷位锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿硷拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟酵團(tu锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟狡烇拷锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷袧锟斤拷牟锟斤拷锟缴�锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截的統(t锟斤拷ng)一

锟斤拷元前221锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截滐拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絭史锟较碉拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟侥囷拷锟斤拷——锟截筹拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度碉拷锟轿筹拷

锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷ｏ拷锟劫斤拷锟斤拷“锟绞碉拷”锟絈號(h锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟绞碉拷锟狡讹拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿★拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷軍锟铰达拷锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟缴皇帝匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫到锟截凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴皇碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷疲锟截╋拷锟�——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞碉拷處锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟�——锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷俟锟�;太尉——負(f锟斤拷)責(z锟斤拷)全锟斤拷軍锟斤拷(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节地凤拷锟斤拷锟叫匡拷锟絟锟狡ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟絃锟劫撅拷锟缴皇碉拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

影響ｏ拷鞏癸拷锟剿囷拷锟揭的統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟酵斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟届定锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷千锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷郑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膲锟秸ワ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷讓锟�(d锟斤拷o)锟铰憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)矛锟杰的硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷奂訌锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵

锟斤拷施锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷“锟竭囷拷之锟統”;锟絟锟斤拷蹖锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷Q锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷鞏固和發(f锟斤拷)展锟剿达拷一锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟芥。

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟侥忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿凤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷y锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷施锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷釋憋拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷写髮⒑偷胤锟斤拷锟�(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷使锟侥憋拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n);锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷軍锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷枝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥筹拷锟轿地凤拷锟絃锟斤拷;锟絆(sh锟斤拷)通锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)責(z锟斤拷)锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟饺ｏ拷锟截凤拷锟絰锟斤拷一小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷胤锟斤拷_支锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡匡拷锟斤拷

影響ｏ拷锟劫加忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫對锟截凤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿凤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷吖锟�锟斤拷锟竭憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟絜貧锟絜锟斤拷”锟侥碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟狡筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟叫曪拷省锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟叫曪拷省锟斤拷锟街別負(f锟斤拷)責(z锟斤拷)锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟酵堬拷(zh锟斤拷)锟叫★拷锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟絃锟劫讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟绞欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫曪拷省锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷省锟狡讹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角帮拷U(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟脚況锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟叫曪拷省;锟截凤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)十锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷院轄锟絕(q锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟剿岋拷全锟斤拷锟侥癸拷轄;锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷鞏癸拷锟剿統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷省锟狡碉拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷频募訌锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟绞欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷太锟斤拷U丞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟経锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟絯锟侥勶拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤。

锟藉朝锟斤拷雍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)軍锟紺(j锟斤拷)處(锟较傦拷锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷))——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷頂凤拷

十锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫癸拷锟狡度碉拷變锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷-锟斤拷——軍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡ｏ拷锟絟锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷魏锟絰锟较憋拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷品锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷—锟藉朝——锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷

锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟狡度碉拷锟斤拷變

锟截达拷——锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷俟锟�锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷史锟絆(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷胤锟斤拷锟斤拷未锟�——通锟叫監(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷胤锟�,

锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟絊锟絣(w锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡給锟斤拷锟叫和帮拷锟斤拷使司

锟节讹拷锟斤拷元 锟脚达拷希锟紻锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷

(锟脚达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿碉拷锟轿成憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)?

锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成發(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)?

一锟斤拷希锟紻锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷

锟斤拷希锟紻锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟津：�锟� 锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟截的碉拷锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絚小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膰锟斤拷锟�;锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈(m锟斤拷o)锟阶和癸拷锟教業(y锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟角帮拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牵锟叫★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵�锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿的確锟斤拷锟絭锟教ｏ拷锟襟倫改革拷——锟斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿奠定锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷);锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟�——锟絖锟斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟�——锟斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷頂峰。

锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿碉拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷輪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿碉拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟絜锟絆锟斤拷锟芥：锟劫岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一些,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节促筹拷锟斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟侥高度凤拷盛锟斤拷锟桔烇拷锟斤拷W锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥斤拷锟絙锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷锟芥：锟劫婦女锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟劫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟节凤拷锟紼锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰無锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥凤拷锟紼锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絉锟斤拷

1.锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟酵發(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟教ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟叫筹拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟角★拷十锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷

6锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟今法达拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟絯系锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

2.锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)

锟絜锟絆锟斤拷锟芥：锟斤拷锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟酵岋拷(sh锟斤拷)施锟絊系锟剿帝囷拷锟侥統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絉锟斤拷锟角歐锟睫歷史锟较碉拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷影锟斤拷私锟斤拷锟斤拷W锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟揭碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷司锟斤拷锟狡讹拷;锟角斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟絊锟給(h锟斤拷)奴锟絗锟狡讹拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度的確锟斤拷锟絚锟絣(f锟斤拷)展(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎锟斤拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡確锟斤拷锟酵發(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟教★拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡確锟斤拷锟酵發(f锟斤拷)展锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志?

锟斤拷锟斤拷志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡的確锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?

一锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡的斤拷锟斤拷

锟絕锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷s锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1688锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)取锟矫統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿碉拷位;

锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1689锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

責(z锟斤拷)锟轿冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絯锟狡ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟较成烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷锟竭決锟斤拷锟竭猴拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷 “锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟侥碉拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷业锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟节囷拷锟揭碉拷锟斤拷邫锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟叫达拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟角囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C(j锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)負(f锟斤拷)責(z锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1776锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟劫憋拷锟斤拷13锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)殖锟斤拷鬲锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷13锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟捷碉拷锟斤拷散聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n))

锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷1787锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟狡戯拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟通锟絕锟斤拷一锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟筋憲锟斤拷锟斤拷貫锟截分欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟絚锟狡猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)原锟絫

锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷一锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟狡匡拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟节达拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷印锟节帮拷锟剿沒锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟紻女锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟铰★拷

锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷1789锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸盛锟紻锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿匡拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟輪锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟絖锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟紻锟統之路)1789锟疥法锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷蛧锟斤拷慕锟斤拷锟�;1870锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蛧锟斤拷拇_锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷1875锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)通锟絕锟剿凤拷锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟絖锟斤拷锟剿癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯(锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟狡癸拷锟酵囷拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟絖锟斤拷

锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷志锟侥讹拷元锟狡撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷士通锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷说聡锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷1871锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿碉拷锟斤拷志锟桔囷拷锟斤拷

锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷1871锟疥《锟斤拷锟斤拷志锟桔囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟绞帝诧拷锟斤拷虛位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟�锟斤拷实酆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷諊锟斤拷业拇锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟叫監(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟侥嗭拷元 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥筹拷锟斤拷

(锟斤拷锟斤拷20锟絥)(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(1919锟斤拷锟斤拷前)锟叫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷訂锟侥诧拷平锟饺條锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟�?

太平锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絍锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)?

锟絰锟酵團(tu锟斤拷n)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷號(h锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教★拷锟斤拷锟絰?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰?

锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷史锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿勶拷(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟絩(ji锟斤拷)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟疥對锟脚時(sh锟斤拷)锟节癸拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟侥筹拷锟絃锟絭锟斤拷?

锟斤拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟轿猴拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰?

一锟斤拷锟缴达拷锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟侥革拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷要锟斤拷U(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫堬拷锟酵达拷锟斤拷锟接奪原锟较★拷

锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷1840-1842锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较撅拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蹗u锟給英锟斤拷;锟絩锟斤拷2100锟絝元;锟絖锟脚廣锟捷★拷锟紹锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟斤拷通锟教口帮拷;锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷使锟叫囷拷锟絖始锟絊锟斤拷锟街筹拷锟截帮拷饨�锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷1856锟斤拷—1860锟疥，1860锟斤拷英锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)軍洗锟劫和焚氾拷锟紸锟斤拷锟紷;锟斤拷訂1858锟疥《锟斤拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷1860锟疥《锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷

英锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟揭囷拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷鄣貐^(q锟斤拷)(锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟截圖)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕锟斤拷1842锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟较撅拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟斤拷蹗u;1860锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟斤拷锟斤拷司锟截凤拷一锟絕(q锟斤拷);1898锟疥強(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陆锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷太平锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)

锟絕锟教ｏ拷1851锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺�锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷1853锟斤拷太平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷炀�锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷廷锟斤拷锟脚碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1856锟斤拷太平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰婏拷锟斤拷锟斤拷_(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷全盛锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟节★拷1856锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟届京锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)訌锟斤拷1864锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟絔锟斤拷軍锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届京锟斤拷太平锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)失锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟絍锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届朝锟斤畝锟狡度★拷锟斤拷太平锟斤拷锟斤拷慕锟斤拷锟斤拷V锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷映锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷要锟斤拷@锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截的忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷愿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟侥絕锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰思锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷脫锟絰锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟绞玕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷篇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟阶达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袊锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)展锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟絕锟教ｏ拷1894锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟桔★拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴锟絴锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷艦锟�(du锟斤拷)全軍锟斤拷锟絔)锟斤拷

1895锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸★拷锟絉锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫革拷锟絴锟絴锟斤拷u锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒附锟劫島锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袓u锟給锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷锟秸憋拷軍锟組(f锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷沙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截慶锟斤拷锟終锟捷★拷锟斤拷锟捷烇拷锟教诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟秸憋拷锟斤拷通锟教口帮拷锟絖锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)品锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟絅锟叫囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟截讹拷锟斤拷

影響ｏ拷锟叫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷戏锟斤拷袊锟斤拷目锟�锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷鼗锟斤拷某潭却锟斤拷锟斤拷睿�锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟絖展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿囷拷聯(li锟斤拷n)軍锟斤拷锟紸

1900锟斤拷藝锟铰�(li锟斤拷n)軍锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟轿伙拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟紷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷1901锟疥簽訂锟斤拷

锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l锟絪锟斤拷锟侥猴拷訂锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟缴烇拷蹏锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿的癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷全锟絊锟斤拷锟街筹拷锟截帮拷饨�锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

1.锟叫囷拷锟斤拷同锟剿曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟侥筹拷锟斤拷(锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絍锟絀(l锟斤拷ng))锟斤拷1905锟斤拷锟节東锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)全锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿綱锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷“锟�(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕虜锟斤拷锟街忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟截欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟経锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�(qu锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷

2.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷1911锟斤拷10锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x

3.1912锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暇锟�锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷山锟斤拷(d锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絉锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟襟總統(t锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷R锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷1912锟疥春锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絭史锟较碉拷一锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷責(z锟斤拷)锟轿冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絯锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯)

4.1912锟斤拷2锟斤拷12锟斤拷锟藉朝锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷

1912锟斤拷3锟斤拷袁锟斤拷锟絇锟节憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟襟總統(t锟斤拷ng)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志

5.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷2000锟斤拷锟斤拷姆饨�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵囷拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔匡拷锟絕锟较达拷锟斤拷说蹏锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟皆勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰烇拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟剿條锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷

1.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟金線ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蜁锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟解交失锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟侥憋拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷號(h锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1919锟斤拷5锟斤拷4锟斤拷;“锟解爭锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟酵囷拷锟絓”锟斤拷“锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷十一锟絣”锟斤拷“锟杰絕锟节和約锟较猴拷锟斤拷”;锟斤拷一锟紸锟轿碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟紸锟轿碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟侥歷史锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角徹底的凤拷锟桔凤拷锟解建锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)(锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷))锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍; 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟侥歷史锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角徹底的凤拷锟桔凤拷锟解建锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)(锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷))锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍;锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖始锟节癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟矫★拷锟桔成烇拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷

2.锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟侥筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷1921锟斤拷7锟斤拷23锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟斤拷锟絖锟叫癸拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷

3.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

1923锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Q锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷;1924锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷h一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷

锟絍锟捷囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖始锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷1926锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截★拷

1927锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷石锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)“锟斤拷一锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(w锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷h锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)“锟斤拷一锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞э拷锟斤拷锟皆�锟津：①囷拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较絞锟斤拷;锟斤拷陳�锟�(d锟斤拷)锟姐犯锟揭傾锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷

4.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟疥對锟脚ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟较诧拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷1927锟斤拷8锟斤拷1锟斤拷;锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟剿ｏ拷锟杰讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿的碉拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟�(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟絑取锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷

锟斤拷1927锟斤拷毛锟缴東锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟桔紅軍锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷止锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷1934锟斤拷10锟铰斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�——1936锟斤拷10锟铰革拷锟紺锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷1935锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷”锟紸锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕y(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟较確锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毛锟缴東锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷h锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷_锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟缴烇拷锟絟锟侥歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

5.锟斤拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷1931锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟叫囷拷锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷1937锟斤拷R锟较橈拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷锟芥對锟秸憋拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟停止锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟組锟缴匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟桔囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷太原锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷h锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟饺讹拷锟斤拷卮锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟杰癸拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟节旓拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絖展锟轿擄拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰戯拷指锟絔锟侥百團(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟角匡拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷軍锟�(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟斤拷一锟轿达拷規(gu锟斤拷)模锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷1945锟斤拷8锟斤拷15锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟絣锟斤拷投锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)取锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟津：囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟藉抗锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)(锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷)

6.锟斤拷艖锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟截慶談锟叫ｏ拷1945锟斤拷8锟铰底ｏ拷毛锟缴東锟斤拷锟截慶談锟斤拷锟斤拷10锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷訂锟斤拷锟絧十锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟�(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷艆^(q锟斤拷)锟侥合凤拷锟斤拷位未锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟缴協(xi锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷

锟节冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕锟斤拷1946锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷);1947锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍挺锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷e山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟剿戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟皆凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟侥戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟皆決锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n): 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟桔ｏ拷锟絴锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷;1949锟斤拷4锟斤拷23锟斤拷锟较撅拷锟斤拷牛锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷22锟斤拷膰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1949.10.1

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆� 锟侥科學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟狡度的斤拷锟斤拷(锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟絰锟絈锟斤拷锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志?

锟斤拷锟借公锟斤拷膫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x?

十锟铰革拷锟斤拷锟侥歷锟教猴拷锟斤拷锟絰?

一锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷

1.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷迅锟劫發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)矛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥激锟斤拷锟斤拷1825锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)危锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷

19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷志锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟剿达拷規(gu锟斤拷)模锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絖始锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟絕锟斤拷锟剿碉拷锟斤拷志锟侥古碉拷锟杰學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟侥古碉拷锟斤拷锟轿斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰

2.锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷1848锟疥《锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥此無锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿科學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷論锟斤拷指锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋勃锟截發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

3.锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷1871锟斤拷3锟斤拷18锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟借公锟斤拷锟角無锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟侥碉拷一锟轿傦拷锟斤拷L試锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞�锟铰革拷锟斤拷

锟絕锟教ｏ拷1917锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟铰革拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟斤拷沙锟绞岋拷锟狡統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟铰革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟終锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絉锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷木锟斤拷妗�

锟斤拷锟叫岋拷锟斤拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷1917锟斤拷11锟斤拷7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)十锟铰革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡凤拷锟絉锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟絯锟終锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟給锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷十锟铰革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類歷史锟较碉拷一锟斤拷取锟矫勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷史锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元 锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一

(锟斤拷锟斤拷26锟絥)(锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟今共和囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡的斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷?

“锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷原锟斤拷徒锟接�(x锟斤拷n)?

锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷?

“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟轿筹拷锟絕锟教和岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)?

锟斤拷锟絳锟缴帮拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟侥撅拷锟酵的憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟缴帮拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷針岋拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟解交锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟斤拷?

锟叫囷拷锟街忥拷(f锟斤拷)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷席位锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷谋锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)?

锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟揭囷拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷锟酵地區(q锟斤拷)锟皆組锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷要锟解交锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷些?

一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)

1.1949锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿協(xi锟斤拷)锟教曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷一锟斤拷全锟絯锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟剿达拷職責(z锟斤拷)锟斤拷通锟絕锟剿★拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿協(xi锟斤拷)锟教曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷同锟絍锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

2.锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟侥讹拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟狡讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度★拷

3.1954锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟节憋拷锟斤拷隆锟斤拷锟絜锟叫★拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)通锟絕锟剿★拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟今共和囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟缴达拷原锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷偷膽锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷要原锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)指锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)思锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷”锟紸锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絗锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷V

锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷“锟侥革拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷螜锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟解到锟斤拷(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絗踏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷冤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿和凤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷锟解到锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟絗踏锟斤拷锟斤拷突锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟狡讹拷锟斤拷锟芥實(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷訓(x锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵凤拷锟狡★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟狡的斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)

1.锟铰時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷平锟斤拷一系锟斤拷冤锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

2.锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷1982锟斤拷锟斤拷訂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟今共和囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2000锟斤拷一系锟叫凤拷锟缴碉拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆戯拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牡锟斤拷袊锟斤拷锟缴�锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯系锟轿筹拷锟斤拷

1989锟疥《锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟今共和囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絍锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷1999锟疥《锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥筹拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷映锟剿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟饺碉拷原锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

1999锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿囷拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟诫憲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴烇拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷瘫锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷突锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絜锟狡度碉拷锟秸硷拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟絚锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗

1.锟轿筹拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷針岋拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)80锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷小平锟斤拷锟�“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟侥傦拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿达拷锟斤拷螘锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟絟使锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟缴為實(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷I(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷指锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷針★拷“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟今共和囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷陸岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟狡度ｏ拷锟桔帮拷锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟狡讹拷锟斤拷

2.锟缴癸拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷锟桔澳回歸锟侥革拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷呒锟斤拷C锟较囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街別锟斤拷1997锟斤拷7锟斤拷1锟秸猴拷1999锟斤拷12锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟街忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

3.锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷目前锟斤拷K锟缴帮拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟角島锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷平锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟脚楋拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟解交(锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟解交)

1.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟解交锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷t锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷吒蓛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸堬拷锟�”锟斤拷“一邊锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)原锟絫1953锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟解交锟斤拷锟竭的筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟解交锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷1954锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之一锟斤拷位锟斤拷席锟斤拷锟秸冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟竭曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷

1955锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿侊拷锟角囷拷锟斤拷锟絝隆锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟絟锟斤拷

2.锟解交锟铰撅拷锟斤拷

1971锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟街忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷锟斤拷一锟叫合凤拷席位锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷1972锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷煽锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)锟絃锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴囷拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟絖始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1979锟疥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴囷拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解交锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷70锟斤拷锟斤拷饨伙拷卮锟酵伙拷频锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷1972锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫角榮锟絃锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

3.锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟揭囷拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷锟酵地區(q锟斤拷)锟皆囷拷锟紿锟組锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷要锟解交锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟解交锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷目锟斤拷锟角烇拷锟揭囷拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫的囷拷锟紿锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)80锟斤拷锟斤拷_始锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟侥�锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟竭撅拷锟絯锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟介不锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟斤拷锟解交锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絖展锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥的讹拷邊锟解交锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟节地區(q锟斤拷)锟皆囷拷锟紿锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2001锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟较猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷S锟給(h锟斤拷)锟叫侊拷锟斤拷平锟絚锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷貢锟絀(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟竭嗭拷元 锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿革拷值锟斤拷锟阶�

(锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟皆诧拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟終锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟酵兩極锟斤拷锟脚革拷锟斤拷纬傻臉锟�(bi锟斤拷o)志?

20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟叫猴拷锟节讹拷锟絆锟斤拷趨锟捷筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)?

锟缴極锟斤拷锟斤拷呓锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志?

20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)末锟絖始锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷趨锟捷加忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟侥憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟酵�锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿革拷值锟斤拷锟斤拷c(di锟斤拷n)?

一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟終锟缴極锟斤拷锟脚革拷值锟斤拷纬锟�

1.原锟津：讹拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟終锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟狡度ｏ拷锟截別锟角囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷募锟斤拷J锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

2.锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟絚锟缴極锟斤拷值锟斤拷纬桑锟�

1947锟斤拷锟�“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟絰”锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟絈要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟絖始锟侥橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟絉歇锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟较憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟戒實(sh锟斤拷)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)援锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1949锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟襟公約锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟終聯(li锟斤拷n)锟酵東锟絎锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷h锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1949锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆岋拷锟斤拷锟絉歇锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷;1955锟斤拷锟紸沙锟絣锟絪锟組锟斤拷锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟缴达拷軍锟铰硷拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n)锟节歐锟斤拷全锟芥對锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟終锟缴極锟斤拷锟脚革拷锟斤拷锟绞斤拷纬伞锟�

3.锟街诧拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷1962锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟脚巴岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟铰硷拷;锟斤拷锟睫地區(q锟斤拷)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)”——锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟较戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷O锟斤拷趨锟捷的筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)

1.20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(锟絎锟斤拷锟絯)锟絚锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟界經(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷尸F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎锟斤拷锟姐鼎锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟侥讹拷锟絆锟斤拷锟角岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷也锟角岋拷锟斤拷锟終锟缴極锟斤拷值臎_锟斤拷锟斤拷

2.20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)60锟斤拷锟斤拷d锟斤拷牟锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絛锟斤拷锟�(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较囷拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絖始锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟缴筹拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷覜Q锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰勶拷(w锟斤拷)锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

3.锟斤拷锟絎锟絚锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟金、诧拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰陣營锟竭斤拷锟皆硷拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟较囷拷锟较凤拷席位锟侥恢忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷O锟斤拷锟斤拷趨锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴極锟斤拷锟斤拷呓锟酵讹拷锟絆锟斤拷趨锟捷加忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)

1.锟缴極锟斤拷锟斤拷呓猓�1991锟斤拷锟終聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟缴極锟斤拷值锟斤拷锟終锟竭解。

2.锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷趨锟捷加忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟缴極锟斤拷锟斤拷呓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷锟轿硷拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷帧锟斤拷纬瑟锟�(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷木锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷?y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟絎锟剿的斤拷锟斤拷;锟秸憋拷锟絓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿达拷锟斤拷锟轿�;锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖斯锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷位锟侥革拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟狡約锟斤拷

3.锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿革拷謴慕锟斤拷诳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖尸F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷“一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)”锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟絕锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷去;锟斤拷锟絃锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷O锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷趨锟捷诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷螌W(xu锟斤拷)锟矫革拷锟叫歷史

锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟絭锟斤拷锟铰的凤拷式

锟絭史锟紷锟絅锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聽锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷职謰锟斤拷锟斤拷o锟揭傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟皆得時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚达拷叶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰狅拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷同锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絭史锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟斤拷锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)锟杰好ｏ拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟絭史锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷太 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟剿癸拷

然锟斤拷試锟侥時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要記住锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟紷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟铰硷拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷要抓住锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟侥★拷

锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟节歷史锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還要锟洁看锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟侥曪拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟脚达拷史锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟叫囷拷锟脚达拷史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷!平锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟洁看锟絭史锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟侥曪拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截烇拷锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟絃锟斤拷锟芥及锟斤拷锟絕锟絍锟斤拷通史锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟絡(lu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絛趣锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絀锟阶撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟絖锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟截忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶憋拷

锟斤拷 ;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟絵一锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆革拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絀锟絶锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟饺帮拷要記锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街凤拷锟絖锟斤拷停锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接�“ 锟饺等★拷锟斤拷锟叫筹拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絀锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷饨�锟斤拷殖锟斤拷”“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节猴拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟姐不锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷?x锟斤拷)v史锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟戒、志愿锟斤拷锟�(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟�?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟竭匡拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號(h锟斤拷o)