锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟缴斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷}锟叫碉拷“锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絀锟絶”锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)注锟斤拷之處锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絈”還锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)式”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷式”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟绞�”锟斤拷“锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)式”還锟斤拷“锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)式”锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷式”還锟斤拷“锟絰锟接凤拷锟斤拷式”锟斤拷“電極锟斤拷锟斤拷式”锟斤拷“水锟解方锟斤拷式”锟斤拷“锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷式”锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟桔硷拷锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷水)锟斤拷全锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟筋寫锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟界寫“A”锟侥诧拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷“B”锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷}锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑要锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟絖

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絜锟街ｏ拷锟斤拷脂锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟绞★拷蘸锟絚粘锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟絚锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷飽猴拷锟絚飽合硷拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟杰團(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2) 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷a锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷液漏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)(锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷b锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯通锟組(j锟斤拷n)(锟斤拷)盛锟斤拷水锟斤拷洗锟斤拷瓶锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷變锟絫色(锟斤拷使石锟斤拷始t色)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷(y锟斤拷n)謹(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷pH試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷訉锟�(du锟斤拷)要锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟接濓拷锟揭�锟斤拷C( )锟斤拷示锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷原電筹拷锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟絆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電斤拷亍锟斤拷鍍筹拷锟疥枠O锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷電極锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷“锟絯锟絜锟斤拷?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)”锟絚“锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷失锟街★拷锟斤拷“锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟劫分猴拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉。

锟斤拷锟斤拷8锟斤拷锟缴種锟斤拷同锟絯锟絜锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟酵�锟絅锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絜锟角凤拷锟斤拷约雍锟�锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絵目锟介景锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟叫嗭拷位锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟絔锟叫嗭拷位锟侥就诧拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟杰斤拷锟�”锟斤拷位锟角匡拷锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷”锟給锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷“g”锟斤拷“g.mol-1”锟斤拷摩锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫嗭拷位

锟斤拷锟斤拷(g.mol-1)锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷要全锟芥、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)?z锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷陸�锟斤拷锟饺�锟斤拷位锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟杰斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟絯锟杰斤拷缺锟绞撅拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟姐方锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭徽�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷12锟斤拷m A(s) + n B(g) pC(l) + q D(g)锟紷锟絅锟斤拷锟芥反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟接夛拷锟斤拷p锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟狡勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)只锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟叫的氾拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)(g)锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷13锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟轿何凤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷“系锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷須岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭岋拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷—還原锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷龋锟斤拷x锟接凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)電猴拷要锟截猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡�锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷式未锟斤拷“→”锟结化锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷漏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥聚硷拷锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷漏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟�“+”锟斤拷“-”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷膯锟轿伙拷锟絢J·mol-1锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷14锟斤拷锟截达拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷一锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟轿伙拷”锟斤拷要锟芥及原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)式锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟紹锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)位锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)式锟叫讹拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳碳锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰團(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟侥革拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)注锟斤拷碳要锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷N原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷COOHCH2CH2OH(锟饺伙拷锟紹锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷))锟斤拷CH2CHCOOH(锟斤拷锟絧锟絀) 锟斤拷(锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟节忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷貌锟揭�锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟杰岋拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷n元锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷碳原锟接旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷O(锟斤拷N)原锟接旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷16锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡旓拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟絵锟斤拷思锟絊一锟斤拷要锟絖锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫诧拷锟缴匡拷锟剿猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷郑锟斤拷锟角帮拷锟斤拷話锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟芥，一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟角讹拷去锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟角多方位锟斤拷全锟斤拷位锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫匡拷锟絔锟斤拷锟絜锟絆锟截從匡拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袑锟斤拷页锟�“突锟狡匡拷”锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷Cu锟斤拷63.5還锟斤拷64锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷18锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)“锟斤拷锟斤拷品锟街烇拷傻确锟�”(锟斤拷“锟斤拷1000mL锟斤拷液锟斤拷取锟斤拷50mL”)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“原锟斤拷品锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷s只锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)計(j锟斤拷)锟姐常锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟絗锟斤拷锟铰ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷俜锟斤拷锟绞斤拷锟斤拷e(cu锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷诨锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟絜(cu锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)系式計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系式锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟桔凤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷芊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷e(cu锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷討論锟絵锟斤拷缺討論锟絕锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷姆锟�

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷藿o锟斤拷锟缴種锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔一锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷(要锟斤拷锟叫旓拷锟絕锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟揭�锟襟寫筹拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)未知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系式锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷要計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟教★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟絵目還要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要省锟皆诧拷锟紼锟斤拷計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟絵锟叫岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷效锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟街碉拷锟絒锟斤拷要锟斤拷

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锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號(h锟斤拷o)