2025锟斤拷呖锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絭史锟叫囷拷通史锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)
2024-11-07 09:28:18锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟絡(lu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟給止锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟诫，去锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿庯拷锟斤拷锟斤拷覀锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟竭匡拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿革拷锟斤拷锟絭史锟斤拷要知锟絉锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷通史锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷),希锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆庯拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟脚达拷史锟叫囷拷锟脚达拷史锟侥歷史锟截革：
锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷原始锟斤拷锟�(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷前——锟斤拷元前21锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟缴時锟斤拷(锟绞帝堬拷舜锟斤拷r锟节达拷s4000——5000锟斤拷前)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟�(锟斤拷元前21锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟节癸拷元前476锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解建锟斤拷锟�(锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟节癸拷元前475锟斤拷——锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷1840锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷匕锟解建锟斤拷锟�(1840锟斤拷——1949锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉、锟絕锟缴時锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟�)(1949——1956锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟�(1956锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷陌l(f锟斤拷)展史锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷奴锟絗锟狡囷拷锟揭斤拷锟斤拷)(前21锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——前16锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陌l(f锟斤拷)展锟絩锟斤拷)(前16锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——前11锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷亩锟绞拷r锟斤拷)(前11锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——前8锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷元前771锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷(奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿ワ拷锟絩锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷(奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呓锟絩锟斤拷)(前770锟斤拷——前476锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纬蓵r锟斤拷)(前475锟斤拷——前221锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷臍v史锟截革：
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟截漢锟絩锟斤拷(锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆饨拷锟斤拷锟轿成時锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷(前221锟斤拷——锟斤拷元220锟斤拷魏取锟斤拷锟絴锟絟)
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴晉锟较憋拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷褧r锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诤蠒r锟斤拷)(锟斤拷元220锟斤拷魏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——589锟斤拷锟藉朝锟斤拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡時锟斤拷(锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷亩锟绞拷r锟斤拷)(589锟斤拷——907锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷褧r锟斤拷)(907锟斤拷锟狡滐拷——960锟疥北锟轿斤拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷锟侥斤拷元锟絩锟斤拷(锟劫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诤蠒r锟斤拷)(960锟疥北锟轿斤拷锟斤拷——1368锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷(锟解建锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿ワ拷锟絩锟斤拷)(1368锟斤拷——1912锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿�)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接涳拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚拷`锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(前21锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))锟絧去5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(前16锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫減去5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(前11锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷))——锟絧去3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟角東锟杰硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟絖始(前8锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)前771锟斤拷)——锟劫減去3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟角戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷锟絖始(前5锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)前475锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷饨拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟�——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟街淪锟绞ｏ拷锟絕(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷印锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷饨�——锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絖始锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角封建锟斤拷锟皆給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟�(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷占锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷位锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿學(xu锟斤拷)原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭史锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系;锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟絈锟斤拷锟较層斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷”——
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭斤拷(锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷))——锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟街凤拷锟狡無锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷去”(锟较層斤拷锟斤拷)——锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷奴锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷_始锟竭斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷芽(锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟杰碉拷锟斤拷锟侥封建锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷K
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷牛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡廣(锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷)——锟狡勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟絤锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解建锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥改革拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷涌锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷什么锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟狡讹拷?锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟狡度碉拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?锟斤拷锟絰?
锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷指全锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟斤拷財锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫，锟截凤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷涂锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街癸拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟洁互锟斤拷锟斤拷直舜藸锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷K使锟斤拷呓y(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟绞碉拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(A)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷鞏固封建锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷v锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟叫和發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷(锟絭锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟竭讹拷要锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n))
锟斤拷锟斤拷(B)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节維锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟揭統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟酵憋拷锟较斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭的拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絚锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡碉拷前锟斤拷突锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟侥憋拷然锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷目锟侥讹拷锟角烇拷锟剿憋拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷途锟斤拷锟斤拷慕^锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷始锟绞的癸拷锟絚锟絕锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟狡讹拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟轿斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)軍锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟较诧拷取锟斤拷鞏固統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟侥达拷施
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟絛锟斤拷木锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷矛锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹山锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤)
锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟教凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)思锟诫專锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫曪拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟狡和分凤拷锟狡的诧拷同锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷血锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津劃凤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟截凤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟角皇碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絔锟叫凤拷锟斤拷锟劫猴拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫诧拷同锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成地凤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷鞏固囷拷锟揭的統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞欙拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)之锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷^锟教ｏ拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟津：皇帝為獨(d锟斤拷)锟矫統(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿歷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)直锟斤拷锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詫锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟�——锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟叫筹拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟解朝”
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡筹拷——锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)一锟街烇拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿达拷——锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷散锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟経锟斤拷锟洁，锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉朝——軍锟紺(j锟斤拷)處(锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)志锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟诫集锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟狡讹拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷頂凤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——平锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”之锟統
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷——锟秸忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖亂
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷——锟秸忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟脚匡拷锟絖之锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结布锟斤拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟缴诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟絩锟斤拷太锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷太锟节勵精锟紻锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟狡筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷矛锟杰撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷“貞锟絕之锟斤拷”锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟酵烇拷“锟絖元盛锟斤拷”锟侥筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟届定锟剿堅岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷太锟节诧拷取锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷同锟斤拷邊锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟接忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟剿統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷业陌l(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷使锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟剿讹拷盛锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷太锟节岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟脚的岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟斤拷詹锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟�锟斤拷锟紷使锟叫囷拷锟侥伙拷锟绞現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解建锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟侥撅拷锟芥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟剿很达拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷品锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷太锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿和納锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫很忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭凤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴烇拷糯锟斤拷饨拷锟斤拷锟斤拷目锟侥ｏ拷偷浞�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷v锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿囷拷锟斤拷锟皆產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)影響★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷太锟节碉拷锟絬锟絩锟侥采凤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟絳锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿★拷貞锟絕之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷省锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷庸锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟芥薄锟絰锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”思锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴★拷锟斤拷原锟絫
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷“锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟絙锟姐府锟斤拷”锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥成癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟襟都曪拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸诧拷锟筋方锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟絩影锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟狡碉拷“锟斤拷”
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟絖锟脚匡拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿诧拷锟劫猴拷士锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节擴(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟届柟谭饨拷y(t锟斤拷ng)锟轿碉拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟剿封建锟斤拷锟角帮拷诤锟斤拷T士锟斤拷殉殖锟斤拷锟斤拷木锟斤拷锟�;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成革拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥癸拷锟斤拷椤�
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥學(xu锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L(f锟斤拷ng)锟叫ｏ拷锟劫筹拷锟斤拷锟秸憋拷志玫锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟狡度斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟絰锟斤拷锟狡讹拷一锟斤拷锟教讹拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿癸拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟絫
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟狡度碉拷“锟斤拷”
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟狡結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷摹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紿锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷同讓一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“偏锟斤拷”锟斤拷千锟疥。“锟斤拷锟絜”偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷一锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟紷锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷]锟叫匡拷锟絜锟狡讹拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟矫的拷(d锟斤拷)木锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节地匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥碉拷路锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟斤拷锟饺伙拷茖W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陌斯锟饺∈匡拷锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絗锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟斤拷蛣锟�(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷奴锟酵讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉精英锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭达拷锟斤拷艛锟劫堬拷锟侥撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷);锟斤拷锟斤拷斯賳T锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷效锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷貙W(xu锟斤拷)锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟轿成★拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L(f锟斤拷ng)锟叫ｏ拷锟劫筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毡锟街久碉拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟叫ｏ拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟狡度斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷試锟絰锟劫凤拷式锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷平
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶ｏ拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟节ｏ拷锟剿癸拷取士锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絜锟侥讹拷锟斤拷缺锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)取锟斤拷锟斤拷蛣锟�(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟剿筹拷锟剿統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟竭碉拷奴锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟剿斤拷锟斤拷锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷(锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷u)锟絫锟剿碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷偏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷茖W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷然锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟侥匡拷試锟狡讹拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟劫家狅拷锟絈”锟轿成碉拷原锟斤拷锟接帮拷?
锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶冿拷锟斤拷锟绞庯拷r锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷楦伙拷锟斤拷锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫锟絳士锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟紽锟斤拷牛锟斤拷锟狡廣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絣锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟侥學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絫(y锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟饺科硷拷取锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷私锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟絊锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟竭猴拷思锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷影響ｏ拷1锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟絋锟接百家的學(xu锟斤拷)锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚达拷锟叫囷拷锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆拷锟�?锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟脚达拷锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)?
锟斤拷锟斤拷(一)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟絖(d锟斤拷)原锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟节統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟较ｏ拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絪
锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿岋拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟斤拷要
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展缺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷膭锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡碉拷锟斤拷锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟狡硷拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较八癸拷取士锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷然锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街獄锟斤拷锟絛知锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟诫，锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展缺锟斤拷锟剿诧拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟絔锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絠锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡岋拷锟解交锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟截碉拷锟絧锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟絧視锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟轿成囷拷(y锟斤拷n)锟杰的科學(xu锟斤拷)锟絯系(4锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷視锟紺锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷論
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷)锟节癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷膶W(xu锟斤拷)锟侥憋拷锟絕?
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絚(di锟斤拷n);
锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷唯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰思锟斤拷锟絯系
锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)目锟斤拷——锟絊锟給(h锟斤拷)锟解建锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷位影锟�——锟斤拷锟角古达拷锟杰學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟截达拷删锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷臉锟�(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街別锟斤拷锟节匡拷锟絕唯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕唯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰
锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟叫烇拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷省锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷知
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷史
锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絊锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷y(t锟斤拷ng)一(锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟侥岋拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系(锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉、锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟結锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔發(f锟斤拷)展(锟斤拷锟睫讹拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷路锟斤拷探锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟睫讹拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟絯(锟斤拷锟睫讹拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷思锟斤拷锟脚的筹拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟脚★拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟皆侊拷锟叫囷拷锟截达拷思锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟缴癸拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絚锟狡硷拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷十一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷志(锟絆锟斤拷山锟斤拷毛锟缴東锟斤拷锟斤拷小平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥癸拷(锟絰锟斤拷锟侥嗭拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟藉、锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟轿戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷‘1840锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝片锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷史锟絖锟剿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟较撅拷锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟絖始锟絊锟斤拷锟街筹拷锟斤拷——(英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絖锟叫囷拷锟叫堬拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷1894锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸硷拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟絉锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絣锟絪锟斤拷锟結锟斤拷輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷品輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆凤拷式锟斤拷變)(锟节讹拷锟轿癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)一锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫堬拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷1900锟斤拷藝锟铰�(li锟斤拷n)軍锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟絊锟斤拷锟街筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全變锟缴帝囷拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膼蹏锟斤拷葒锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷投锟斤拷锟�
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷1852—1864锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟饺囷拷——太平锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)60—90锟斤拷锟�——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟�(w锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷1898锟斤拷——锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷1911锟斤拷——锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟絆锟斤拷山)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷1915—1919锟斤拷——锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(陳拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷1921锟斤拷——1949锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(锟街則锟斤拷魏源)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟铰硷拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟�(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟铰猴拷锟斤拷锟矫癸拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷(锟斤拷锟秸憋拷锟剿碉拷路)
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟絆)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿碉拷路)
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟結锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟�)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡度猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟侥伙拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟給锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟紸锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟)——锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟絉锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟終聯(li锟斤拷n)锟剿碉拷路)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”——锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡讹拷”——锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“思锟斤拷锟侥伙拷”锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絆锟斤拷山锟斤拷S锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷?
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷1911锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟狡凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵囷拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷1913锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟轿革拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷袁锟斤拷锟絇锟斤拷(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷1915锟斤拷——锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷袁锟斤拷锟絇锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟劫碉拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷1917锟斤拷——锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絉锟絩锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷1920—1922锟斤拷——锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(失锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷1924—1927锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷軍锟統)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟絟锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街讹拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷(1921——1924锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟絟锟絩锟斤拷(2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�1锟斤拷锟絍锟絀(l锟斤拷ng))
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷(1924——1927)——锟斤拷一锟轿囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟絩锟斤拷)(锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷)
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷(1927——1937锟斤拷)——锟节讹拷锟轿囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(“锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟疥對锟脚時锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟竭斤拷“锟斤拷锟截革拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷”)(锟斤拷锟斤拷山锟斤拷路锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絟锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變)
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷(1937——1945锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟秸戯拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(2锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟絣锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷(1946——1949锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿囷拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷(锟斤拷”锟斤拷艖锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷“)
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟铰�”锟斤拷锟竭斤拷“锟斤拷锟絩(n锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷路”
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟絩锟节的凤拷锟斤拷?
锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷(1949——1952锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟疥經(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟街忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟絩锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷(1950——1953锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟疥抗锟斤拷援锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷(1949——1956锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟缴時锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷(1956——1966锟斤拷)——十锟疥建锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟絩锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷(1966——1976锟斤拷)——十锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷(1976——1978锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟絩锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷(1978锟斤拷——锟斤拷)——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟铰時锟斤拷(锟斤拷“锟侥革拷锟絖锟脚時锟斤拷”(锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷路)
锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷?x锟斤拷)v史锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷志愿锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟�?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷
锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)
锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號
