锟斤拷锟斤拷11锟斤拷锟絚酶锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絗锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷C酶锟斤拷一锟皆岋拷锟侥檢锟統試锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔猴拷锟斤拷锟角時锟斤拷锟絲锟統試锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟杰檢锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)探锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟截度岋拷锟侥碉拷锟斤拷蜋z锟統試锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷俚锟斤拷铮猴拷锟斤拷転锟斤拷^锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截讹拷影锟斤拷^锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纸狻�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节檢锟統試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔時锟斤拷锟絲锟統試锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆囷拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟接燂拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影锟斤拷锟阶冿拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷12锟斤拷锟絚ATP锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟絚

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)ATP锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷ADP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷ADP锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟缴產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷水锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絗锟絁锟介細锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟叫达拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟铰岋拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟角筹拷迅锟劫硷拷锟絩锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁锟斤拷ATP锟街斤拷锟斤拷诤铣苫锟较成达拷锟节分解，锟铰岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟絚ADP锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟节動態(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟絩ATP水锟斤拷迅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣锟揭惭革拷佟锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷13锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟絚

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤細锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)CO2锟侥侊拷源锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤細锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷CO2锟斤拷锟缴的猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷l(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟杰ｏ拷只锟节碉拷一锟紸锟轿合筹拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蟛糠锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诰凭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛氾拷锟斤拷锟斤拷嵌锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷募t锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟組锟叫無锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷o锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤不同锟斤拷原锟斤拷直锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷酶锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节匡拷锟斤拷酶锟较成的伙拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷14锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟絚

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟絗锟絁锟介暗锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟节癸拷锟铰诧拷锟斤拷锟組锟叫ｏ拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟节癸拷锟铰诧拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷臈l锟斤拷锟铰讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷[H]锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷ATP去锟斤拷同

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷俟夥达拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷只锟介暗锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷诩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷庸锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫谋锟揭�锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫募锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳锟藉、锟斤拷霞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷2锟斤拷锟阶猴拷锟斤拷锟絚

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷贉囟锟斤拷锟揭�影響帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷閰�锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷酶锟侥種類和旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺咃拷锟絚锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥多。

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟紺O2锟斤拷葘锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫忥拷锟饺碉拷影響ｏ拷CO2锟斤拷群艿蜁r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷貌锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷15锟斤拷锟教诧拷锟斤拷探锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)通锟斤拷A瓶锟侥空氾拷锟叫诧拷锟杰猴拷锟斤拷CO2锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟紺使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷瓶锟叫的筹拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷水變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺O2锟斤拷锟缴斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)B瓶锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷诜锟斤拷锟揭伙拷螘r锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷B瓶锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹通盛锟叫筹拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷瓶锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟角無锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷CO2通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷16锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r探锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絰锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷探锟斤拷“锟絅锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节光，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷探锟斤拷“植锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟节癸拷處锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆凤拷止锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酶蓴_锟斤拷同锟絩锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷同锟絅锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17锟斤拷锟絚锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷5锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)處锟斤拷锟絞锟节的硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟酵撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷盛锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷欠锟斤拷锟斤拷g锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷顛碉拷锟斤拷锟揭凤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟絟锟絃锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)只锟斤拷處锟节凤拷锟窖狅拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟侥硷拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟杰匡拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷t锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟絕锟届，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街诧拷锛氾拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷腔锟斤拷皮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥實锟斤拷锟节的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教擄拷M锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)锟斤拷锟絲锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟窖ｏ拷之锟斤拷锟缴硷拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津細帮拷锟缴極锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷18锟斤拷锟絚锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷4锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟侥凤拷锟絯锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟絚染色锟斤拷锟絯锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絯锟斤拷1锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷2锟絣染色锟絯锟斤拷4锟絣染色锟斤拷锟絯(锟斤拷4锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤細锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷該锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟角減锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟轿凤拷锟窖猴拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟窖诧拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷渭锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷也锟叫匡拷锟杰烇拷O锟絯锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟缴傦拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟接的革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷衰锟较★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷8锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰硷拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟皆產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟街�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟絯锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)全锟斤拷锟皆★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟絖锟侥條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絯锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥營锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絤锟剿的環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟饺★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷衰锟较時锟斤拷锟竭傦拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟紷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷褵o锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角岋拷锟紺锟絯锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷频锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(6)锟斤拷锟斤拷衰锟较和碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(7)原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷职锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毡锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟絕锟节帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟缴種锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷突變锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(8)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥帮拷變锟角硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿分伙拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟絯锟叫猴拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷20锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟缴傦拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟戒實锟斤拷械锟�6锟斤拷锟絗锟絕(q锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥岋拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟截組锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷突變锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟劫诧拷锟斤拷R锟酵硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷記锟缴撅拷锟絯锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷驗：锟斤拷锟杰橈拷記C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟紷些DNA锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷t锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絕(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)35S(锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷))锟斤拷32P(锟斤拷記DNA)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩锟斤拷記锟斤拷同一锟缴撅拷锟絯锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆檢锟統锟絩只锟杰檢锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节诧拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰確锟斤拷锟角何種元锟截的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(6)锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷——DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷