锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟街�锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟角很讹拷模锟斤拷芏锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷撅拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷希锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷膸锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟截和伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

1.锟給(w锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿�锟酵無(w锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷叩幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵猴拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角革拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷叩幕锟斤拷锟斤拷铮�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟叫擄拷(d锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷“S”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟筋穩(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟侥攜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P锟斤拷

2.(1)還原锟角的檢锟統(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟阶�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芽锟角�锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟叫的硷拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷須碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫硷拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟�锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟矫③憋拷锟斤拷锟剿�浴锟接燂拷锟缴�變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓锟絳(l锟斤拷n)色-锟斤拷色-锟絬锟絫色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

(2)脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟矫诧拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸匡拷锟絅锟斤拷 試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟終锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟斤拷锟斤拷染液锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊色锟斤拷t色锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷片要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷癖〔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟叫的地凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的地凤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节酒撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷洗去锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟紷微锟絉锟絕锟届。

(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟矫诧拷锟较ｏ拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷牛锟斤拷 試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟絪锟斤拷試锟斤拷

注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺硷拷A液1ml锟斤拷锟劫硷拷B液4锟轿�锟斤拷b锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟街組锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟皆便對(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷 锟缴�變锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷

3.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷每锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结都锟斤拷锟劫猴拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(-NH2)锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟饺伙拷(-COOH)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭讹拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟饺伙拷锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷同一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)碳原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷R锟斤拷(锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)鏈伙拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n))锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

4.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰①橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟斤拷毛锟絣(f锟斤拷))锟斤拷 锟竭伙拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷 锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟絛锟絯(血锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)(锟饺島锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭癸拷锟斤拷( 锟斤拷锟絯)锟斤拷

5.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷原锟斤拷锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰的讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

6.锟斤拷n锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟絪锟斤拷锟轿筹拷m锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脫去(n-m)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)水锟斤拷锟接ｏ拷锟轿筹拷(n-m)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫达拷锟斤拷m锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)-NH2锟斤拷-COOH锟斤拷锟轿成的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介：n×锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�-18(n-m)

7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷譃锟紻NA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟角猴拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟缴嗭拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷

8锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷羌锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟統锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣锟斤拷芯锟斤拷袠O锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫★拷锟阶伙拷锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷DNA染锟缴綠色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫碉拷RNA染锟缴紅色锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥分诧拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

9锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷“碳水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟街烇拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角和讹拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷見(ji锟斤拷n)锟侥嗭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見(ji锟斤拷n)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷芽锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見(ji锟斤拷n)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見(ji锟斤拷n)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟截和碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見(ji锟斤拷n)锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟角勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴讹拷锟角的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟角嗭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

10锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟酵固达拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟矫的冿拷(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟缴凤拷锟斤拷锟教达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膽锟教达拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟截和維锟斤拷锟斤拷D锟斤拷锟斤拷

11锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟組锟缴成凤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟较和廢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷水锟侥咃拷锟絚锟斤拷

12锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫达拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟給(w锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟絰锟接碉拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟給(w锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟組锟缴成分②維锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟矫③維锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A平锟斤拷芫S锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥滲透锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)

1锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟絝(shu锟斤拷)锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷施锟絉锟角猴拷施锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟角斤拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟皆和硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷

2锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷要锟缴分ｏ拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絅锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟酵旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷越锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫岋拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟街革拷锟絖(k锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷;锟节匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟诫細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

3锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆分烇拷锟絧锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟轿岋拷膜锟酵無(w锟斤拷)膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

(1)锟絧锟斤拷膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节綠色植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角綠色植锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟�(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝(shu锟斤拷)锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟�(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?y锟斤拷n)锟皆�锟剿�?x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟斤拷](m锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝(shu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷唯一锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷

(2)锟轿岋拷膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷液锟捷猴拷锟斤拷酶锟絯锟饺ｏ拷锟斤拷锟叫冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成和加癸拷锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成的堬拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷;锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟杰夛拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫加癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙;液锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絚锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n);锟斤拷酶锟絯锟斤拷锟街斤拷衰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟津病撅拷锟斤拷

(3)锟給(w锟斤拷)膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角合成碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟絞锟侥堬拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷偷偷锟街诧拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟侥革拷锟筋：锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷同锟組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷使锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絝;锟斤拷锟斤拷N酶锟结供锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥堬拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷;锟窖革拷锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街革拷锟絖(k锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟侥區(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷](m锟斤拷i)锟叫猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿ｏ拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟剿區(q锟斤拷)锟叫僅锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟絯一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋常見(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟斤拷图锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟筋常見(ji锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墙锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟矫癸拷锟�锟斤拷锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤拷锟斤拷

6锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟叫憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰維锟街革拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫★拷

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)輸锟斤拷锟捷旓拷锟�

1锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟酵忥拷(f锟斤拷)原

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷<锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)原;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷=锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷處锟节勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟紹(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷锟斤拷

原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷液锟斤拷膜锟皆硷拷锟缴岋拷膜之锟絞锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷一锟接帮拷透膜锟斤拷

锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫撅拷锟叫达拷液锟斤拷;锟节撅拷锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷

锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟皆达拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟皆★拷

锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

2锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷一些锟絰锟接猴拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟接和达拷锟斤拷觿t锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟角赌ｏ拷偷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟捷�锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥伙拷锟斤拷支锟杰②碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟角讹拷锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層憋拷锟芥，锟叫的诧拷锟街伙拷全锟斤拷嵌锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的橫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接層�锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層和达拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟角碉拷锟斤拷(锟角憋拷)锟組锟缴ｏ拷锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟较的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷血锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟饺★拷

4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸?sh锟斤拷)姆锟绞斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟街帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟酵協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷順濓拷锟斤拷荻鹊臄U(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟絈锟介被锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟缴擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷n)锟轿的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟侥低濓拷锟揭伙拷锟�(c锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷邼锟斤拷一锟�?c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)還锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷釋放碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟秸讹拷锟劫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟侥種锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟酵旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

(1)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷;

(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟皆★拷

6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教和帮拷锟斤拷

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

1锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥革拷锟筋：锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)每锟絩(sh锟斤拷)每锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟洁化锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟絈锟介細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷.

2锟斤拷酶锟角活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呋锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟絖锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷_锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟劫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷

3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷酶锟斤拷锟叫革拷效锟斤拷;酶锟斤拷锟叫岋拷(zhu锟斤拷n)一锟皆ｏ拷每一锟絅酶只锟杰催伙拷一锟絅锟斤拷一锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng);酶锟侥催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絤锟剿的條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟紸锟酵高溫讹拷锟斤拷使酶锟侥凤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟解到锟狡壞讹拷失去锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵滐拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥伙拷锟皆ｏ拷锟絤锟剿溫讹拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟皆匡拷锟皆恢忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷

4锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷陳达拷锟絰锟斤拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥冿拷(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

5锟斤拷ATP锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诨罴�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟接猴拷(ji锟斤拷n)式锟斤拷(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷A-P锟斤拷P锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷—锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷墓锟斤拷r(ji锟斤拷)锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷ATP锟节活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷迅锟劫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)ATP锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟节勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟紹(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷

(1)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)锟竭等勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟絝(shu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟絯;锟斤拷(du锟斤拷)植锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟絝(shu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫和癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷谩锟斤拷锟�(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟街別锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷

(2)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟侥旓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节維锟街革拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

6锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟秸紅锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟阶癸拷锟铰癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷顝�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷羌t锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)——锟紾锟絶锟斤拷色锟截碉拷锟斤拷取锟酵凤拷锟絰

锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟杰勶拷锟給(w锟斤拷)水锟揭达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟节岋拷锟斤拷液锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?c锟斤拷)趯锟斤拷锟揭猴拷械锟斤拷芙锟饺诧拷同锟斤拷锟杰斤拷雀叩锟斤拷S锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟节濾锟斤拷锟较擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟矫快，锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟节濾锟斤拷锟较的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絖(k锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟杰的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)——锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴�锟截分诧拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷

7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷^(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟轿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷 锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷膜锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥癸拷锟斤拷ATP锟轿筹拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟叫伙拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟杰★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟轿ｏ拷锟叫癸拷o(w锟斤拷)锟解都锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(ch锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷CO2锟侥固讹拷锟斤拷C3锟斤拷還原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟叫伙拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(CH2O)锟叫凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟杰★拷

锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟介暗锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供ATP锟斤拷[H]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷夥达拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供锟较筹拷ATP锟斤拷原锟斤拷ADP锟斤拷Pi锟斤拷

注锟解：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟节光反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚碳锟侥固讹拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

8锟斤拷影響癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷锟斤拷丶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫ｏ拷

(1)锟解對(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接绊憿锟斤拷~锟紾锟絯锟斤拷色锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟秸光波锟斤拷要锟节紅锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺碉拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膹锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺碉拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟接③癸拷锟秸時(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脮r(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L(zh锟斤拷ng)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

(2)锟截度岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接帮拷——影锟矫革拷幕锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟截度碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实汀锟斤拷S锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷始涌欤�锟截讹拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟竭時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(hu锟斤拷)影锟矫革拷幕锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟较帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟揭溫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆積锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

(3)CO2锟斤拷葘锟�(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接绊憽锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷CO2锟斤拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷佣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷群螅�癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脧锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絞通锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺O2锟斤拷

(4)水锟街岋拷(du锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接绊憽锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤拷锟絶片缺水锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷讜锟�(hu锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟絔锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷水锟街碉拷散失锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)影锟紺O2锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陆锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟较戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絤锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷水锟街★拷

锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷

1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟皆�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟絚锟絯锟絜锟侥比和硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖的凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖★拷锟給(w锟斤拷)锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节的革拷锟筋：指锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟窖的硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟絖(k锟斤拷i)始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷止锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节分凤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节和凤拷锟斤拷锟节兩傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟皆分烇拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟斤拷

2.植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖革拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻NA锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡猴拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥合筹拷;锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)染色锟絯锟斤拷锟轿成兩傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

(2)前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟节猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷

前锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯散锟統锟截分诧拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)染色锟絯锟斤拷锟叫兩條锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯

(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟� 锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟酵旓拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絕锟教讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟絕锟届及計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷褧r(sh锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷

(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)一锟街烇拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絖(k锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟缴烇拷蓷l锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街別锟斤拷蓸O锟狡勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟街別锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥兩極锟狡勶拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟紷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷全锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟剿硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟缴極锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷失锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟接憋拷锟斤拷

(5)末锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯變锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟节猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷贸锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟藉，锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)展锟缴分革拷蓚锟�(g锟斤拷)锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥伙拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

(6)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖的區(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷前锟节硷拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷锟轿成诧拷同;末锟斤拷锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成凤拷式锟斤拷同锟斤拷

(7)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷 原锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟阶憋拷锟紸锟斤拷染锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紼锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰——漂洗——染色——锟斤拷片

锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視野锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届到锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫緊锟杰的凤拷锟斤拷锟絕(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷

3锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟缴傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷H锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接达拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟皆狅拷姆锟�(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟給(w锟斤拷)锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫沒(m锟斤拷i)锟叫筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷

4锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟节傦拷(g锟斤拷)锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷螒B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆差異锟斤拷锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷

(1)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟街撅拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷胎锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷薅取锟�

(2)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

(3)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟节多細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟酵曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟轿成革拷锟絅锟斤拷同锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵組锟斤拷;锟洁細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟杰撅拷锟斤拷通锟絕(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟酵分伙拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷H锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(zh锟斤拷ng)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟街伙拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟叫發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟絯锟侥濓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷每一锟斤拷(g锟斤拷)锟筋細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔(m锟斤拷i)锟叫憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟角分伙拷锟缴為不同锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟侥時(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷脫锟絰锟斤拷原锟斤拷(l锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫伙拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟絰锟絯锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥營(y锟斤拷ng)锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵匡拷锟杰憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷

5锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷衰锟较碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟街減锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷萎锟絪锟斤拷锟絯锟絜變小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絧锟斤拷;锟斤拷些酶锟斤拷锟皆斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭帮拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟皆斤拷锟酵曪拷(hu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絕锟絣(f锟斤拷)變锟斤拷);色锟截積锟斤拷(锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�);锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟教縮锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜通透锟斤拷锟杰革拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵★拷

6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷o(w锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖;锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟阶減锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟侥機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津被硷拷锟筋，锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟较撅拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥★拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一知锟絉(sh锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟届背一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟剿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷卟锟斤拷俜锟�?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷志愿锟斤拷锟�(b锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟饺★拷锟�?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟竭匡拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號(h锟斤拷o)