锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭恢�锟絉锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷些

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锟斤拷锟斤拷1.锟給锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿�锟酵無锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷叩幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋悺锟街�锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵猴拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角革拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷叩幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拥锟斤拷锟揭�锟叫擄拷(d锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷“S”锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟筋穩(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟侥攜锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.(1)還原锟角的檢锟統锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟阶�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷芽锟角�锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟叫的硷拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷須碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫硷拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟�锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟矫③憋拷锟斤拷锟剿�浴锟接燂拷锟缴�變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓锟絳(l锟斤拷n)色-锟斤拷色-锟絬锟絫色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫诧拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸匡拷锟絅锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟終锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K锟斤拷锟斤拷染液锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊色锟斤拷t色锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷片要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷癖〔锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟叫的地凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的地凤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节酒撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷洗去锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟紷微锟絉锟絕锟届。

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫诧拷锟较ｏ拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷牛锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟絪锟斤拷試锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺硷拷A液1ml锟斤拷锟劫硷拷B液4锟轿�锟斤拷b锟斤拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟街組锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟皆便對锟斤拷锟缴�變锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷每锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结都锟斤拷锟劫猴拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(-NH2)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟饺伙拷(-COOH)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭讹拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷同一锟斤拷碳原锟斤拷锟较★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷(锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)鏈伙拷锟紽(tu锟斤拷n))锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰①橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟斤拷毛锟絣(f锟斤拷))锟节催伙拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟絛锟絯(血锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟杰傦拷锟絝锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(锟饺島锟截★拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭癸拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絯)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷原锟斤拷锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N類ｏ拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆岋拷(d锟斤拷o)锟铰碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰的讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6.锟斤拷n锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟絪锟斤拷锟轿筹拷m锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脫去(n-m)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接ｏ拷锟轿筹拷(n-m)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫达拷锟斤拷m锟斤拷-NH2锟斤拷-COOH锟斤拷锟轿成的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介：n×锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�-18(n-m)

锟斤拷锟斤拷7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷譃锟紻NA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟角猴拷锟角猴拷锟结。锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷M锟缴嗭拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷羌锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟統锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣锟斤拷芯锟斤拷袠O锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶伙拷锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷DNA染锟缴綠色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫碉拷RNA染锟缴紅色锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟节撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥分诧拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟斤拷類憋拷锟絈锟斤拷“碳水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟街烇拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角和讹拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷見锟侥嗭拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角★拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷芽锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟絊锟截和碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫筹拷見锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟角勶拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴讹拷锟角的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟角嗭拷锟角★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟酵固达拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟矫的冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟缴分★拷锟教达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膽锟教达拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟截和維锟斤拷锟斤拷D锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫碉拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷水锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟組锟缴成凤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟较和廢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷水锟侥咃拷锟絚锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷12锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫达拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟給锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟絰锟接碉拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟組锟缴成分②維锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟矫③維锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A平锟斤拷芫S锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥滲透锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟絝锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷施锟絉锟角猴拷施锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟角斤拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟皆和硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷要锟缴分ｏ拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷越锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絅類和旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷越锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫岋拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟街革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷;锟节匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟诫細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)膜锟斤拷锟斤拷r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆分烇拷锟絧锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟轿岋拷膜锟酵無膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟絧锟斤拷膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节綠色植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角綠色植锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷?y锟斤拷n)锟皆�锟剿�?x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟斤拷]锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷谩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷唯一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟轿岋拷膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷液锟捷猴拷锟斤拷酶锟絯锟饺ｏ拷锟斤拷锟叫冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成和加癸拷锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成的堬拷锟斤拷;锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟杰夛拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫加癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙;液锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟街硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絚锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n);锟斤拷酶锟絯锟斤拷锟街斤拷衰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟津病撅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟給膜锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角合成碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟絞锟侥堬拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角勶拷锟斤拷偷偷锟街诧拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟侥革拷锟筋：锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷同锟組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷使锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絝;锟斤拷锟斤拷N酶锟结供锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥堬拷锟斤拷;锟窖革拷锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街革拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷痈锟叫�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟侥區(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷]锟叫猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿ｏ拷锟絔锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟剿區(q锟斤拷)锟叫僅锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟絯一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋常見锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟斤拷图锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟斤拷锟筋常見锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷墙锟侥革拷锟�锟斤拷霉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟絛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫勶拷植锟斤。

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷只锟叫憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰維锟街革拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟叫★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)輸锟斤拷锟捷旓拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟酵忥拷(f锟斤拷)原

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷<锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷),锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)原;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷=锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷處锟节動態(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷液锟斤拷膜锟皆硷拷锟缴岋拷膜之锟絞锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷一锟接帮拷透膜锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫撅拷锟叫达拷液锟斤拷;锟节撅拷锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟皆达拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕锟斤拷膜锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷一些锟絰锟接猴拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟接和达拷锟斤拷觿t锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角赌ｏ拷偷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟捷�锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥伙拷锟斤拷支锟杰②碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟角讹拷锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的诧拷锟街伙拷全锟斤拷嵌锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的橫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接層�锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層和达拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷(锟角憋拷)锟組锟缴ｏ拷锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟较的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷類結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絉锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷血锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給(h锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸?sh锟斤拷)姆锟绞斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷\(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟街帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟酵協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷順濓拷锟斤拷荻鹊臄U(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟絈锟介被锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)通锟絕锟斤拷锟轿的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟侥低濓拷锟揭伙拷锟�(c锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷邼锟斤拷一锟�?c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)還锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷釋放碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟秸讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟侥種類和旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教和帮拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥革拷锟筋：锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)每锟絩(sh锟斤拷)每锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟洁化锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟絈锟介細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷.

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷酶锟角活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷一類撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呋锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟絖锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷_锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟劫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷酶锟斤拷锟叫革拷效锟斤拷;酶锟斤拷锟叫岋拷一锟皆ｏ拷每一锟絅酶只锟杰催伙拷一锟絅锟斤拷一類伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng);酶锟侥催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絤锟剿的條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟紸锟酵高溫讹拷锟斤拷使酶锟侥凤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟解到锟狡壞讹拷失去锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟酵滐拷锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟剿溫讹拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟皆匡拷锟皆恢忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷陳达拷锟絰锟斤拷直锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷羌锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷ATP锟秸憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诨罴�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接猴拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷A-P锟斤拷P锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷—锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷墓锟斤拷r(ji锟斤拷)锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷ATP锟节活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫的猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷十锟斤拷迅锟劫的★拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)ATP锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟节動態(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭等勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷f锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟絯;锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷f锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫和癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷谩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷謩e锟角撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟侥旓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节維锟街革拷锟�(xi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟秸紅锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较光，類猴拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟阶癸拷锟铰癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷顝�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷羌t锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较光，锟紾锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)——锟紾锟絶锟斤拷色锟截碉拷锟斤拷取锟酵凤拷锟絰

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟杰勶拷锟給水锟揭达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟杰斤拷锟节岋拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节岋拷锟斤拷液锟叫碉拷锟杰斤拷炔锟酵�锟斤拷锟杰斤拷雀叩锟斤拷S锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟节濾锟斤拷锟较擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟矫匡拷锟斤拷锟紾锟絶锟叫碉拷色锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟节濾锟斤拷锟较的擴(ku锟斤拷)散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絖锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟杰的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)——锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴�锟截分诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷^锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟轿ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫堬拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥癸拷锟斤拷ATP锟轿筹拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟叫伙拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟轿ｏ拷锟叫癸拷o锟解都锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷CO2锟侥固讹拷锟斤拷C3锟斤拷還原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟叫伙拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(CH2O)锟叫凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟介暗锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供ATP锟斤拷[H]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷夥达拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供锟较筹拷ATP锟斤拷原锟斤拷ADP锟斤拷Pi锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟解：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟节光反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚碳锟侥固讹拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8锟斤拷影響癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷锟斤拷丶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絗锟叫的戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟解對锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接绊憿锟斤拷~锟紾锟絯锟斤拷色锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟秸光波锟斤拷要锟节紅锟斤拷锟斤拷{(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷墓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺碉拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膹锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺碉拷锟斤拷锟接讹拷锟斤拷锟接③癸拷锟秸時(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脮r(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟截度岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接帮拷——影锟矫革拷幕锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟截度低ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实锟�锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷始涌锟�锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟絕锟竭時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷影锟矫革拷幕锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟较帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷茫锟斤拷锟斤拷辖锟斤拷锟斤拷覝锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟皆積锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)CO2锟斤拷葘锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷影锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷CO2锟斤拷鹊锟斤拷锟斤拷佣锟斤拷锟斤拷樱锟斤拷锟斤拷_(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷群锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脧锟�(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接★拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絞通锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺O2锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)水锟街岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟接绊憽锟斤拷锟�(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤拷锟絶片缺水锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷讜锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟絔锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷水锟街碉拷散失锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)影锟紺O2锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷陆锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟较戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絤锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷龋锟斤拷锟斤拷C植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿教帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锛�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟皆�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟絚锟絯锟絜锟侥比和硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖的凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖★拷锟給锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节的革拷锟筋：指锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟窖的硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟絖始锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷止锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节分凤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节和凤拷锟斤拷锟节兩傦拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷占锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟皆分烇拷前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖革拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻NA锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡猴拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥合筹拷;锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟轿成兩傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟节猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯散锟統锟截分诧拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷每锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟叫兩條锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟饺旧�锟絯锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟酵旓拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絕锟教讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟絕锟届及計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷褧r(sh锟斤拷)锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)一锟街烇拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟缴烇拷蓷l锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街別锟斤拷蓸O锟狡勶拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟街別锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥兩極锟狡勶拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷全锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟剿硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟缴極锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷失锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟接憋拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)末锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯變锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟节猴拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟轿伙拷贸锟斤拷F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟経(ku锟斤拷)展锟缴分革拷蓚锟斤拷蛹锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(6)锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖的區(q锟斤拷)锟絜锟斤拷前锟节硷拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷锟轿成诧拷同;末锟斤拷锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成凤拷式锟斤拷同锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(7)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟阶憋拷锟紸锟斤拷染锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紼锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰——漂洗——染色——锟斤拷片

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷視野锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届到锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫緊锟杰的凤拷锟斤拷锟絕(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆后，撅拷锟絖锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟缴傦拷锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷H锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接达拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟皆狅拷姆锟�(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟节凤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟叫沒锟叫筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟节傦拷锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆差異锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟街撅拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷胎锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷薅锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆★拷锟街撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絕锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟节多細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟酵曪拷锟轿成革拷锟絅锟斤拷同锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟酵組锟斤拷;锟洁細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟杰撅拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟酵分伙拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷H锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟絔锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟街伙拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟叫發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥濓拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷每一锟斤拷锟筋細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)該锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟叫憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角分伙拷锟缴為不同锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟角伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟侥時(sh锟斤拷)锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷脫锟絰锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫伙拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟斤拷锟絰锟絯锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟侥營锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵匡拷锟杰憋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷衰锟较碉拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟街減锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷萎锟絪锟斤拷锟絯锟絜變小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絧锟斤拷;锟斤拷些酶锟斤拷锟皆斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭帮拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟皆斤拷锟酵曪拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷o)锟斤拷锟絕锟絣(f锟斤拷)變锟斤拷);色锟截積锟斤拷(锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�);锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟教縮锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜通透锟斤拷锟杰革拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷o锟斤拷锟斤拷殖;锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟阶減锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟侥機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津被硷拷锟筋，锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭恢�锟絉锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷 锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟戒功锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)  锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N元锟截橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷P锟斤拷S

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟絪20锟絅 锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷每锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结都锟斤拷锟劫猴拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟饺伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭讹拷锟紹锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷同一锟斤拷碳原锟斤拷锟较★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷R锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)通式锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟絪锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷-NH-CO-

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)計(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷:

锟斤拷锟斤拷脫水锟侥傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷) = 锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷) = 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结個锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)n – 鏈旓拷(sh锟斤拷)m

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 = 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟� ×锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结個锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷) – 脫去水锟斤拷锟接的傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷) ×18

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟津：帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷姆N锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵�锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷鏈旓拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥凤拷锟接結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟叫讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥癸拷锟杰撅拷锟叫讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷) 2锟斤拷锟竭伙拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷酶3锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷血锟絫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷  4锟斤拷锟絳(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟饺島锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷 5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津蛋白ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷佣锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷拥锟斤拷锟揭�锟叫擄拷(d锟斤拷n)锟竭★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷幕锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟組锟缴硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P5锟絅元锟截橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结、一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟角ｏ拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角伙拷锟斤拷牵锟�锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟接猴拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟絅锟斤拷A锟斤拷T锟斤拷C锟斤拷G锟斤拷U

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷DNA锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟结：锟斤拷4锟絅锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷RNA锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟结：锟斤拷4锟絅锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟統锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣锟斤拷芯邩O锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结：只锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P锟組锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷類的種锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷a锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷羌锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟斤拷锟斤拷锟� C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟組锟斤拷  锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟缴分★拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷 锟絅锟�: 锟劫嗭拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷源锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芽锟角ｏ拷植锟斤）锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤）

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷鄱锟斤拷牵锟斤拷锟斤拷邸锟斤拷w锟絊锟截ｏ拷植锟斤）锟斤拷 锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤）

锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟剿和勶拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷類的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥種锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷N锟斤拷P

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锟斤拷锟斤拷9锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟阶種锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧膜锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)膜锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)突锟斤拷锟轿筹拷“锟斤拷”锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)膜锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟轿的堬拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯95%锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟街斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊”锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷庸锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯:只锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷木G色锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫★拷锟絧锟斤拷膜锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟酵伙拷锟斤拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟角癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟紹锟接成的網(w锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成和加癸拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷脂锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成碉拷 “車锟絞”锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)還锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸通锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟給膜锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟较成碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷脫水锟絪锟较凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟缴ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷“锟絙锟斤拷C(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷” 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷铣傻锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟侥堬拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷 锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟角岋拷锟斤拷锟皆冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟侥碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫加癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類和帮拷锟絙锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷纬锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷6锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟給膜锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟缴达拷直锟侥兩傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰囷拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节勶拷锟斤拷偷偷锟街诧拷锟斤拷校锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷7锟斤拷液锟捷ｏ拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟給锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟斤拷色锟截和碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷{(di锟斤拷o)锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟侥環(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷盈锟斤拷液锟斤拷還锟斤拷锟斤拷使植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街堬拷(ji锟斤拷n)挺锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷8锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫讹拷N水锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟杰分斤拷衰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟诫細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥诧拷锟斤拷锟津病撅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷10锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷a.锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿的癸拷锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿达拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿碉拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟饺旧�锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟缴凤拷锟斤拷DNA锟酵碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶憋拷锟紸锟斤拷染锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟节的兩種锟斤拷锟节狅拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节猴拷膜锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟窖核冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷酆锟斤拷剩锟斤拷c某锟絅RNA锟侥合筹拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰核孔ｏ拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)之锟絞锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷11锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟洁細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟竭狅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟酵硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟饺結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜系锟統(t锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷些锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥組锟缴成分和結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡ｏ拷锟节結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟斤拷锟较緊锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰ｏ拷锟劫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟紿使锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絚锟解部锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絓(y锟斤拷n)輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟窖革拷锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街革拷锟絖锟斤拷使锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫讹拷N锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓴_锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟剿硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷痈锟叫�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟叫★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷12锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷式

锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷雍锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷式锟角帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫和帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教和帮拷锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷13锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷酶锟节达拷锟絰锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥憋拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟缴活細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥撅拷锟叫催伙拷锟斤拷锟皆碉拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤，锟斤拷锟叫大部凤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷RNA

锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷1锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟叫革拷效锟斤拷 2锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟叫岋拷一锟斤拷3锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫條锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟截猴拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷酶锟节斤拷锟酵凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥活化锟杰凤拷锟斤拷葻o锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟竭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷呋锟叫э拷矢锟斤拷锟�

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锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟紸锟斤拷囟锟斤拷^锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥匡拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟解到锟狡壞ｏ拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)變锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵滐拷使酶锟斤拷锟皆斤拷锟酵ｏ拷锟斤拷酶锟侥匡拷锟絞锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟街凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟剿的溫度條锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥伙拷锟皆匡拷锟皆恢忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷14锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴ｏ拷ATP锟斤拷C锟斤拷H锟斤拷O锟斤拷N锟斤拷P锟斤拷N元锟截組锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸ｏ拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷式A—P~P~P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷F(tu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷~锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷水锟斤拷r(sh锟斤拷)锟絟(yu锟斤拷n)锟絰A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷陳达拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷直锟接侊拷源

锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟劫度很匡拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷ADP锟洁互锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教猴拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟絕锟教冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷釋凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟叫侊拷锟皆癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷煤秃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷ADP锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角匡拷锟芥，锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟酵凤拷锟杰凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)之锟絞循锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷通锟斤拷ATP锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“通貨”

锟斤拷锟斤拷15锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷约锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷J(r锟斤拷n)锟絉锟絕锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟絉锟絕锟教ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷1771锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷愿锟斤拷驴諝鈱�(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷1864锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰囷拷锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷斯锟紺锟斤拷锟剿綠色锟絶片锟节癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷挟a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟桔的岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷1880锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰囷拷锟狡學(xu锟斤拷)锟揭讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟叫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫膱锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟紾锟絯锟脚筹拷锟斤拷锟侥岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)30锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷茖W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟酵匡拷锟絋锟斤拷锟斤拷同位锟截橈拷(bi锟斤拷o)記锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟紺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结尫诺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)40锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同位锟斤拷示蹤锟斤拷探锟斤拷锟剿讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟叫碉拷碳锟节癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷D(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷途锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟介卡锟斤拷锟斤拷循锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟斤拷^锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋：锟紾色植锟斤拷通锟絕锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟矫癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷 水 锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟缴冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤，锟斤拷釋放筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟解：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结尫诺锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫漠a(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤不锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷還锟叫帮拷锟斤拷锟结（锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤應(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷色锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷3/4 锟斤拷 類猴拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷 1/4

锟斤拷锟斤拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟�(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟給水锟揭达拷锟斤拷取色锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷磨锟斤拷锟斤拷锟� ,碳锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷止色锟斤拷锟杰碉拷锟狡夛拷( P98)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷a锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷b锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷图t锟斤拷锟斤拷類猴拷锟絵锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絳(l锟斤拷n)锟较癸拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节濾锟斤拷锟絣锟较碉拷色锟斤拷锟斤拷颍◤锟斤拷系锟斤拷拢锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷a锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟斤拷b

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟揭狅拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷泄猓�色锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷玫锟矫�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紼锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟侥癸拷猓�水锟节癸拷锟铰分斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還原锟斤拷 锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ADP锟絚Pi锟斤拷锟杰癸拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷ATP

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變?y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(ATP)

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟紸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟紾锟絯锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫癸拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷M(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷酶

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紼锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷俣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教硷拷墓潭锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟絚锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴兩傦拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷還原锟斤拷锟斤拷碳锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�原锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟絊锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)變锟缴伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟解反锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟介暗锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供ATP锟斤拷[H] 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷夥达拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟结供ADP锟斤拷Pi

锟斤拷锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷16锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟斤拷影響癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷实沫h(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷C02锟斤拷龋锟斤拷囟锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸忥拷(qi锟斤拷ng)锟饺ｏ拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟給锟紺(j锟斤拷)锟絵锟饺ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷17锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟侥戯拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟絚锟絕锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷C6H12O6→2锟斤拷酮锟结＋2ATP锟斤拷4锟斤拷H锟捷ｏ拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟紸锟轿★拷锟斤拷酮锟结＋6H2O→6CO2锟斤拷20锟斤拷H锟捷ｏ拷2ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷24锟斤拷H锟捷ｏ拷6O2→12H2O锟斤拷34ATP锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)膜锟叫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟絚锟絕锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋：锟斤拷指锟节無锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕酶锟侥催伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類碉拷锟叫機(j锟斤拷)锟斤不锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩(sh锟斤拷)釋凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷ATP锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷C6H12O6→2锟斤拷酮锟结＋2ATP锟斤拷4锟斤拷H锟捷ｏ拷锟节硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟叫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷2锟斤拷酮锟斤拷→2锟狡撅拷锟斤拷2CO2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷酮锟斤拷→2锟斤拷锟结＋锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥�锟酵�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟劫烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷峁╋拷锟斤拷锟�  锟节烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷暮铣锟斤拷峁┰�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟矫ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷透锟斤拷募锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷止锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷芽锟酵斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷U锟斤拷锟斤拷劝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷U锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟酵罐ｏ拷锟节匡拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絩锟铰匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)食锟阶伙拷味锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟襟，空氣不锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷影響革拷系锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷t锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷缺锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷皮锟絯锟狡損锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷苽锟斤拷L(f锟斤拷ng)锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟阶凤拷殖锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷18锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷L锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絯锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷图锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰無锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟皆�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥憋拷锟斤拷e锟斤拷锟絯锟絜锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟饺ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絃锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆凤拷锟窖的凤拷式锟組(j锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟斤拷锟斤拷思锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖的凤拷式锟叫無锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖和減锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟窖★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节的革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟窖的硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟轿凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟絖始锟斤拷锟铰次凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓵r(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷止锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节歷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟絃占锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节碉拷90%--95%

锟斤拷锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥無锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟絲锟斤拷锟窖ｏ拷锟絔锟叫筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絅锟絲锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰的紅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟解：锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷20锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷見锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟侥忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡ｏ拷DNA锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较成ｏ拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟节ｏ拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷散锟統锟脚诧拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟缴現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟狡斤拷锟斤拷希锟饺旧�锟絯锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟届。

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絲锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟接憋拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟节ｏ拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絯锟斤拷失锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟绞筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷染色锟絯變锟斤拷染色锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟缴現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷失锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟解：锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫革拷锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷始锟終锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給同源染色锟絯聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟酵凤拷锟絰锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷DNA變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷 锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷2N锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节加憋拷锟斤拷4N锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟絩(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷變锟斤拷2N锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节加憋拷锟斤拷2N→4N锟斤拷锟斤拷 末锟斤拷還原锟斤拷2N锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟节筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷0→4N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失锟斤拷4N→0锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节時(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目同DNA锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟接★拷植锟斤細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教的�锟酵�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟酵硷拷锟絅锟絯锟侥筹拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷然锟斤拷染色锟絯平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟缴傦拷锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆猴拷锟斤拷平锟斤拷锟斤拷锟戒到锟缴傦拷锟接硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)DNA 锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使前锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟皆狅拷姆锟�(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷锟斤拷(bi锟斤拷o)锟斤拷示一锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿碉拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷21锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟皆硷拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟节傦拷锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷螒B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆差異锟斤拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚(di锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟街撅拷锟皆碉拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一直锟斤拷锟街分伙拷锟斤拷臓锟紹(t锟斤拷i)直锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷毡锟斤拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角傦拷锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紿锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟絔锟叫硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟酵诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成撅拷锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟酵癸拷锟杰的組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟酵诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷使锟洁細(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟叫的硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷趨锟斤拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷T锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷吒锟斤拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰碉拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟侥岋拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷血锟缴硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟缴紅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷T锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷22锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街伙拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教猴拷原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟节傦拷锟絯锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫ｏ拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷殖锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥猴拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(w锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆差異锟斤拷锟絕锟教★拷 原锟津：伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷频募锟�(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟皆憋拷锟絖(d锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷23锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟皆的革拷锟斤拷蛯锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋：锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟街伙拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷锟叫發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟侥濓拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕植锟斤拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫凤拷殖植锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷逊只锟斤拷膭锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥硷拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟皆的ｏ拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷原锟津）ｏ拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷該锟斤拷N全锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷24锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷衰锟较和碉拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

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锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號