學(xué)而思英語教師 呂騰飛

　　長難句在閱讀理解中容易給考生造成障礙，形成一種心理壓力，使考生失分。如果考生面對這些長難句，在短時間內(nèi)能對它們進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)解析，確切地理解它們的漢語意思，考生在閱讀過程中的問題就會迎刃而解。以下是對2008年各省、市高考英語閱讀理解中的一些有代表性的長難句的解析。

　　1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

　　The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，"while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and" this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，" said Professor Peter Barnes.

　　(NMET2008全國 ll D篇)

　　簡析：第一個句子中有一個賓語從句，賓語從句中有一過去分詞短語found in cocoa作定語，還有一個非限制性定語從句；第二個句子中有一個定語從句。

　　譯文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳藥物，可是他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在可可粉中包含的可可堿，其療效又比可卡因幾乎高三分之一。

　　在因特網(wǎng)上公布了他們的研究成果的倫敦皇家大學(xué)的研究員們說道：這種發(fā)現(xiàn)可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授說道："這種發(fā)現(xiàn)可能在治咳史上向前邁了一大步"。

　　實(shí)例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______.

　　A.cannot be as effective as codeine

　　B.can be harmful to people's health

　　C.cannot be separated from chocolate

　　D.can be a more effective cure for coughs

　　2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth's surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth's surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江蘇卷B篇)

　　簡析：句子中含有兩個定語從句，這是解題的關(guān)鍵。 either ...or連結(jié)的是并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　譯文：來自太陽的大部分能量都不會到達(dá)地球的表面，這種能量或者被上層大氣中的氣體反射或吸收。在到達(dá)低層大氣的能量中，有30%的能量被云層或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面溫暖。

　　實(shí)例： 60.Only a small part of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's surface because most of it is______.

　　A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere

　　B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere

　　C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere

　　D.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes

　　3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the world's largest youth environmental organization.

　　(NMET 2008 山東卷D篇)

　　簡析：第一句中夾雜有一個結(jié)果狀語從句，又有復(fù)雜主語。主語的中心語為The response，其后的to her request for help為后置定語，第二句是由and并列的兩個簡單句，其中第二句中承前省略了主語kids FACE。

　　譯文：人們對她請求幫助的反應(yīng)如此強(qiáng)烈以至于波建立了一個為了更潔凈環(huán)境的孩子的組織�，F(xiàn)在這個組織在全世界有300，000名成員，并且它是世界上最大的青少年環(huán)保組織。

　　實(shí)例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is______.

　　A.a program to help students with writing

　　B.a project of litter recycling

　　C.a campaign launched by President Bush

　　D.a club of environmental protection

　　73.What can we learn about Poe?

　　A.She was awarded a prize in Brazil.

　　B.She donated billboard across the country.

　　C.She got positive responses for her efforts

　　D.She joined the National Park Service.

　　4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人) group.(NMET 2008 遼寧卷C篇)

　　簡析：夾雜定語從句和形式賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　譯文：對他來說，不關(guān)心自己的學(xué)習(xí)是一種酷的標(biāo)志的原因之一是受到他的同齡人的影響。

　　實(shí)例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?

　　A.He disliked his teachers.

　　B.His parents no longer supported him.

　　C.It's cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.

　　D.There were too many subjects in his secondary school.

　　5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people's lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重慶卷E篇)

　　簡析：句子中夾雜著固定短語，v-ing式作主語，復(fù)雜主語，v-ing式作結(jié)果狀語以及定語從句。

　　譯文：無窮盡的選擇給人們的生活帶來了無盡的煩惱。買像咖啡壺這樣最基本的東西也不是那么簡單了。對許多人而言，面對觸手可及的一系列的日常用品卻感到眼花瞭亂、不知所措，結(jié)果是購物者只好放棄選擇、匆匆而去，或者僅僅買了一件并非真正需要的不合適的商品。

　　實(shí)例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?

　　A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.

　　B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.

　　C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.

　　D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.

　　6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had "seven fathers，" because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇)

　　簡析：第一句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為she felt like ...because ...，句首內(nèi)容為狀語，because從句中有一個插入成份。第二句中v-ing作狀語表原因。第三句主干結(jié)構(gòu)為：she didn't ...because ...。

　　譯文：作為家庭七個孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一種感覺，就是她擁有"七個父親"，原因是她的六個兄弟和她的父親都想控制她。由于羞怯和覺得無地位的緣故，她總是埋頭苦讀。盡管她酷愛讀書，可是在小學(xué)她的成績不佳，因?yàn)樗�太害羞而不能積極地參與。

　　實(shí)例：36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?

　　A.She had seven brothers.

　　B.She felt herself a nobody.

　　C.She was too shy to go to school.

　　D.She did not have any good teachers.

　　7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time -about eight hours after you wake up-your body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy.

　　(NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)

　　簡析：句中夾雜兩個賓語從句，一個時間狀語從句和一個what引導(dǎo)的表語從句。

　　譯文：他們可能認(rèn)為吃午飯是他們困乏的原因�；蛘咴谙奶欤�他們可能認(rèn)為是炎熱的緣故。然而，真正的原因在于他們身體的內(nèi)部。在那時，也就是說，在你醒來大約八個小時之后，你的體溫開始呈下降的趨勢。這就是使你行動遲緩并且感到困乏的原因。

　　實(shí)例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?

　　A.They eat too much for lunch.

　　B.They sleep too little at night.

　　C.Their body temperature becomes lower.

　　D.The weather becomes a lot warmer.

　　8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陜西卷E篇)

　　簡析：第一句中包含一個that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，在其中又有一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，還有一介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞(among whom)引導(dǎo)的定語從句。注意more women之后省去了與前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。

　　譯文：大腦這些差異也解釋了這樣的事實(shí)：更多的男性從事空間技能的工作，而更多的女性則從事需要語言技能的工作。這種現(xiàn)象也可以追溯到我們的祖先時代，據(jù)一項(xiàng)研究表明，在他們當(dāng)中，女性做的是照看孩子這樣的需要語言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩獵這樣的需要空間技能的工作。

　　實(shí)例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?

　　A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls.

　　B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills

　　C.Women may have stronger feelings than men.

　　D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.

　　9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)

　　簡析：句中有since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，v-ing式作定語(including ...)和狀語(without paying .../using the Internet)。

　　譯文：在那個時代，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)很容易受到保護(hù)，因?yàn)椴桓顿M(fèi)想得到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是很困難的。然而，現(xiàn)在許多知識產(chǎn)權(quán)包括歌曲、電影、書籍和藝術(shù)品通過使用因特網(wǎng)都可以免費(fèi)下載。

　　實(shí)例： 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?

　　A.It makes IP rights harder to protect.

　　B.It sells songs and films.

　　C.It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.

　　D.It prevents the production of artwork.

　　70.According to paragraph 2，what has "taken the world by storm"?

　　A.Intellectual property rights.

　　B.The Internet.

　　C.Free downloading.

　　D.The large number of songs，films and books.

　　10.The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax-this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇)

　　簡析：句中有"The + 比較級，the + 比較級"的結(jié)構(gòu)，還有復(fù)雜的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　譯文：我們越忙，對我們自己而言，而且我們也以為在其他人看來，我們越重要。我們無空幫助朋友，找不到時間照顧家庭，找不到自己放松的時間，這已經(jīng)成為了成功生活的模式。

　　實(shí)例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ .

　　A.be able to work without stress

　　B.be more talented than other people

　　C.be more important than anyone else

　　D.be busy working without time to rest

　　11.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer-people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example-are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇)

　　簡析：第一句的主體結(jié)構(gòu)為：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一個that引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句，賓語從句中又含有一個倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，其中主語為that they often ...的一個主語從句，表語為among the problems with ...。破折號間內(nèi)容為插入語。

　　譯文：研究員們說，早期研究帶來的問題之一是他們沒有考慮到那些最有可能患皮膚癌人，比如皮膚白皙和有雀斑的人�？墒瞧つw白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防曬劑，結(jié)果是好像防曬劑的使用者患皮膚癌更常見。

　　實(shí)例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______.

　　A.seldom use sunscreen

　　B.are more in danger of skin cancer

　　C.can be free from the harm of the sun

　　D.often expose themselves to the sun

　　12.Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇)

　　簡析：該句中有一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，兩個賓語從句(分別由that及how引導(dǎo))，v-ing式作定語。第一句的主體結(jié)構(gòu)為：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。

　　譯文：剛剛為這座城市建成藝術(shù)畫廊的約克姆和貝爾，確切感受到裝飾他們自己的房子中獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也就是說，把裝飾的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面對他們的工作產(chǎn)生了影響。同時這使這兩位建筑師有了一次機(jī)會去展示他們是如何以較少的錢做更多的事。

　　實(shí)例：63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______.

　　A.benefited a lot from pulling down the roof

　　B.turned more old buildings into art galleries

　　C.got inspiration from decorating their old building

　　D.paid more attention to the outside of the gallery