推理

   推理是在理解文章表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義的方法。有時作者并未把意圖說出來，我們可根據(jù)字面意思，通過研究語篇的邏輯關(guān)系和細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，來推敲作者的態(tài)度，進行深層理解。推理是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動。

   由于推理是在已知的基礎(chǔ)上來推斷未知的，因此我們必須忠實于原文，要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據(jù)來進行推理和判斷，不能憑空想象，隨意揣測，把自己的臆斷強加給作者。正確推理包括這幾個方面：①弄清作者的意圖，以及寫作的緣由。②分析材料所提供的信息。③注意字、詞的原意及引申含意。④根據(jù)句子的含意推斷作者的言外之意。總之，只有吃透文章的字面意思，推理才有前提和基礎(chǔ)。

   Passage A

   閱讀理解

   Millions of years ago there were many types of dinosaurs on earth. Most dinosaurs were plant?eaters. The Apatosaurus, for example, had a long thin neck so that it could eat leaves from trees. Other dinosaurs were meat?eaters. The Tyrannosaurus Rex killed smaller dinosaurs for food.

   Dinosaurs were real animals that once lived on the earth, but they died out about 65 million years ago. The disappearance of the dinosaurs is in some way a great mystery (謎).① Some scientists think that the climate (氣候) changed suddenly. Fossils (化石) of trees tell us that the temperature dropped a lot and that the level of the sea dropped as well. ② This means that it got suddenly much colder. Perhaps the dinosaurs were too slow to change with the climate.

   A new idea is that a meteor (流星) crashed into the earth. Scientists discovered a place in Mexico where they think the meteor crashed. They think that there was a lot of dust from the meteor. The dust landed on the plants. Also the dust blocked (阻擋) the sun's light for as long as five years. Many animals, including dinosaurs, were plant?eaters, and perhaps the dust killed them. This means there was nothing left for meat?eating dinosaurs to eat, and so they died out. But, as many animals from that time didn?t die, we are not 100% sure what really happened.

   根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案：

   1. What is the subject discussed in the text?

   A. Dinosaurs, the real animals living millions of years ago.

   B. The two types of dinosaurs.

   C. The probable reasons for dinosaurs? disappearance.

   D. A meteor crashed into the earth.

   2. What are the two possible explanations to the dinosaurs? disappearance?

   A. Temperature dropping and sea level dropping.

   B. Climate changing and meteor's crashing.

   C. The dropping of temperature and sea level.

   D. Climate changing and the dust blocking the sun.

   3. What is the direct cause of the disappearance of meat?eating dinosaurs?

   A. A meteor's crashing.

   B. The dust blocking the sun.

   C. The plant?eating dinosaurs? death.

   D. It is still unknown.

   難句注釋

   ①The disappearance of the dinosaurs is in some way a great mystery.

   恐龍的消失在某種程度上說還是個謎。

   Total words:233

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   ②Fossils of trees tell us that the temperature dropped a lot and that the level of the sea dropped as well.

   樹木的化石告訴我們氣溫大大地降低了, 海平面也降低了。

   Passage B

   閱讀理解

   The elephant is the biggest four?legged animal in the world. It is also, perhaps, the gentlest (溫順的), but not always!

   Elephants are like us in some ways. They live for a long time ― fifty or sixty years. They can remember things very well. They never forget great sadness or great happiness. If a female(雌性的)elephant dies, her daughters and her grand daughters are sad for many months. They stay with the dead body. Then they carry a bit of it away with them. They never forget a dead friend.

   Elephants are like us, but they are also different. They live in families of females. There will be a few young males ― a few “baby boys”. But the females will soon send them away. An elephant family keeps only its daughters, mothers and its great grandmothers.

   The females stay together for fifty, sixty...a hundred years. The older animals look after the younger ones. The mothers teach their daughters and set a good example.①

   And what happens to male(雄性的)elephants? Well, the young males stay with their mothers for a time. Then they must leave the family. The females just send them away. A male elephant does not often have a friend. He lives apart away from the family,② and often away from other male elephants. Sometimes the females call a male elephant. He can visit them then, and stay for a time. But soon his “wife” and sisters send him away again. The females have a very happy family life. What do the male elephants think about it? We don't know.

   根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案：

   1. In the elephant family, there are ____.

   A. females and, sometimes, a few young males

   B. parents who live together

   C. only bulls with their male friends

   D. parents and all their babies living happily

   2. An adult male elephant often ____.

   A. lives together with his “wife”

   B. lives by himself

   C. has many female friends

   D. has many male friends

   3. What would be the best title for the passage?

   A. The Elephant

   B. The Four?legged Animal

   C. The Female Elephant

   D. The Elephant?s Family

   難句注釋

   ①set a good example

   樹立一個好的榜樣。

   Total words:259

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   ②He lives apart away from the family.

   他不和家人生活在一起。

   Passage C

   閱讀理解

   Animals are natural resources that people have wasted all through our history.

   Animals have been killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for sport, and simply because they were in the way. Thousands of kinds of animals have disappeared from the world forever. Hundreds more are on the danger list today. About 170 kinds in the United States alone are considered in danger.①

   Why should people care? Because we need animals. And because once they are gone, there will never be any more.

   Animals are more than just beautiful and interesting.② They are more than just a source of food. Every animal has its place in the balance of nature (生態(tài)平衡). Destroying one kind of animal can create many problems.

   For example, when farmers killed large numbers of hawks (老鷹), the farmers? stores of corn and grain were destroyed by rats and mice. Why? Because hawks eat rats and mice. With no hawks to keep down their numbers, the rats and mice multiplied(繁殖)quickly.

   Luckily, some people are working to help save the animals. Some groups raise money to let people know about the problem. And they try to get the governments to pass laws protecting animals in danger.

   Quite a few countries have passed laws. These laws forbid (禁止) the killing of any animals or plants on the danger list. Slowly, the number of some animals in danger is growing.

   根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案：

   1. Animals are important to us mainly because____ .

   A. they give us a source of food

   B. they are beautiful and lovely

   C. they keep the balance of nature

   D. they give us a lot of pleasure

   2. What has happened to the animals on the earth?

   A. Hundreds of kinds of animals have disappeared forever.

   B. Many kinds of animals have died out.

   C. About 170 kinds of animals have disappeared forever.

   D. All kinds of animals are in danger.

   3. Which of the following is NOT true?

   A. People care much about animals because they need them.

   B. Once a certain kind of animals is gone forever, there will never be any more.

   C. Killing all rats and mice may cause some problems.

   D. People must not kill any animals.

   4. What can we infer from the fact that quite a few countries have passed laws protecting animals in danger?

   A. Every person will know the importance of protecting wild animals.

   B. Animals in danger will not be killed any more.

   C. The number of some animals in danger will increase.

   D. Animals in danger will be kept away from people.

   難句注釋

   ①About 170 kinds in the United States alone are considered in danger.

   僅美國就有大約170種動物瀕臨滅絕。

   Total words:229

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   ②Animals are more than just beautiful and interesting.

   動物不僅只是漂亮有趣。

   more than 超過，不僅僅。

 Passage D

   完形填空

   In the past, man did not have to think about the protection of his environment. There were few people on the earth, and natural resources seemed to be 1 .

   Today things are 2 , the world has become too 3 .We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are 4 our environment with dangerous chemicals (化學(xué)制品). If we continue to do this, human life on the earth 5 survive.

   Everyone 6 today that if too many fishes are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left.① Yet, with modern fishing 7 , more and more fishes are caught. We know that if too many trees are cut down, 8 will disappear and nothing will grow on the earth. Yet we 9 to use bigger and more powerful machines to 10 more and more trees.

   We realize that if rivers are polluted with waste products from factories, fish will die. 11 , in most countries wastes are 12 put into rivers or into the sea, and there are 13 laws to stop this.

   We know, too, that if the 14 of the world continues to rise at the present rate②, in a few years there will not be enough 15 . What can we do to solve these problems?

   If we eat more vegetables and less 16 ,there will be more food available(可用的)for everyone. Land that is used to grow crops 17 five times more people than land where animals are kept.

   Our natural resources will 18 longer if we learn to recycle(循環(huán)再用)them.

   The world population will not rise so quickly if people use modern methods of birth 19 .

   Finally, if we educate people to think about the problems, we shall have a better and cleaner 20 in the future.

   根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，選擇正確答案：

   1. A. beautifulB unlimitedC unusualD valuable

   2. A. common B. the same C. changeable D. different

   3. A. crowded B. small C. dirty D. busy

   4. A. protecting B. saving C. polluting D. fighting

   5. A. may not B. will not C. shall not D. could not

   6. A. wonders B. realizes C. considers D. discovers

   7. A. poles B. boats C. methods D. ideas

   8. A. mountains B. the sea C. trees D. forests

   9. A. continue B. have C. ought D. go on

   10. A. grow B. plant C. save D. cut down

   11. A. Thus B. However C. Generally D. Therefore

   12. A. still B. even C. also D. certainly

   13. A. many B. none C. some D. few

   14. A. production B. pollution C. population D. development

   15. A. houses B. vegetables C. food D. places

   16 .A fruit B. meat C. fish D. grain

   17. A. feeds B. increases C. supplies D. helps

   18. A. use B. stay C. keep D. last

   19. A. control B. born C. plan D. pay

   20. A. nature B. sea C. planet D. forest

   難句注釋

   ①If too many fishes are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left.

   如果從海洋里捕捉過多的魚, 不久將不再有魚剩下了。

   ②at the present rate

   以目前的比率

   Passage A

   本文提出恐龍滅絕的兩種觀點：一是氣候變化，二是隕石撞擊地球引起的灰塵擋住陽光導(dǎo)致植物死亡。

   1. C. 文章第二、三兩段分別提出恐龍滅絕的兩種觀點。

   2. B. 導(dǎo)致恐龍滅絕可能的兩種觀點：一是氣候變化，二是隕石。

   3. D. 根據(jù)文章作者的口氣(perhaps, are not 100% sure)判斷恐龍的死因還沒有一個準(zhǔn)確的說法。

   Passage B

   本文主要講述了陸地上最大的動物——大象與人類的相同、不同之處以及大象家族的組成情況。

   1. A. 根據(jù)文章可知，大象家族主要是由母象和幼象組成。

   2. B. 從上下文得知，成年公象單獨生活。

   3. D. 本文主要介紹了一些大象家族的組成情況。

   Passage C

   本文主要講述了動物在生態(tài)平衡中的重要性，教育人們不要濫殺動物。

   1. C. 每一種動物在生態(tài)平衡中都有自己適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢谩?/p>

   2. B. 從第二段中可看出thousands of動物已經(jīng)滅絕。

   3. C. 選項D太絕對。

   4. C. 從最后一段中可看出, 一些國家由于通過了一些法律，瀕危動物的數(shù)量會增加得比較慢。

   Passage D

   本文分析了環(huán)境污染的原因并介紹了營造干凈美好世界的一些舉措。

   1. B. 根據(jù)下句可知，過去自然資源似乎是取之不盡的，所以用unlimited。

   2. D. 今昔對比，現(xiàn)在的情況不同了。

   3. A. 下文提到人口增長過快，世界變得擁擠了。

   4. C. 用危險的化學(xué)藥品污染環(huán)境。

   5. B. 如果我們繼續(xù)這么做，人類將無法生存。

   6. B. 由第四段第一句話可知，每個人都意識到……

   7. C. 捕魚方法。

   8. D. 濫砍濫伐導(dǎo)致森林消失。

   9. A. 然而人們“繼續(xù)”我行我素。這里Yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折。

   10. D. cut down 意為“砍伐”。

   11. B. 用however表示轉(zhuǎn)折。

   12. A. 仍然。

   13. D. and表示遞進，“沒有多少法律來制止這一點。”

   14. C. 根據(jù)下文得知，話題已轉(zhuǎn)向“人口”問題。

   15. C. 人口增長將導(dǎo)致無法解決的糧食問題。

   16. B. 從下一句中出現(xiàn)的“animals are kept”可知是meat。

   17. A. feed 有“喂養(yǎng)”的意思。

   18. D. 自然資源將持續(xù)更久。

   19. A. 人口出生率的控制。

   20. C. 一個更好更干凈的星球。

   1. Then they carry a bit of it away with them. 然后它們會將大象尸體上的一小部分帶走。(Line 6, Passage B)

   注意a bit 和a little的區(qū)別：

   兩者都可接形容詞或副詞的原級或比較級，意為“一些；一點”。如：

   Your trousers are a bit/little short. 你的褲子稍微短了一點。

   This book is a bit/little more interesting than that one. 這本書比那本書有趣。

   但后接名詞時，a bit后需加of；而a little不必。如 a little water 或 a bit of water。

   I?ve got a little/a bit of shopping to do. 我得去買點東西。

   在否定句中兩者意思完全不一樣：

   not a bit 一點也不。如：I am not a bit tired. 我一點也不累。

   not a little 非常。如：I am not a little tired. 我非常累。

   2. Everyone realizes today that if too many fishes are taken from the sea, there will soon be none left. 現(xiàn)在大家都意識到如果過多地捕捉海洋里的魚類，就將不再有魚剩下了。(Line 7, Passage D)

   too many后接可數(shù)名詞。如：We can't cut dwon too many trees. 我們不能濫砍樹木。

   too much后接不可數(shù)名詞。如：He drank too much beer last night. 他昨晚喝了太多的酒。

   too much 還有“過分；過量”的意思。如：

   The work is too much for him. 這工作他干不了。

   要會區(qū)分too much和much too這兩個短語。much too后面常跟形容詞、副詞，表示“實在太”。如：

   That music is much too loud; turn the radio down.

   那音樂太響了。把聲音調(diào)低點。