中國文化50主題

　　1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的書法

　　A: Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre.

　　B: That's for sure! Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters. The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes, thus making it easier to write with brushes. This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventuallly lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres.

　　A: I've heard that most emperors were good at calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector of Wang Xizhi's writings.

　　B: That's right. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long played a key role in compiling an authoritative collection of calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres.

　　A: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to like calligraohy a lot.

　　B: Part of the reason was the sponsorship by the Emperors. Another reason was the Imperial Civil Service examinations that started in the 7th century. Those examinations were focused on writing and provided a way for ordinary people to achieve a better life. As a result, calligraphy became widely accepted. Calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.

　　A: Does calligraphy still have these practical functions now?

　　B: Yes. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner wellbeing is stimulated.

　　A: I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that's not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift?

　　B: You don't, unless you want him to fire you.

　　2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings中國畫的含意

　　A:It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have similar subjects. Peony, plum blossoms, mountains, creeks or cottages are very popular. There are often painters at significant celebratory and commemorative events.

　　B:Their educational function is, in fact, a unique feature of Chinese painting. Human profiles were used as a method to either glorify heroes or condemn traitors 2,000 years ago. Tang Dynasty officials even tried to bring painting into Confuction ideology. The Court of the Song Dynasty published an official guide to paintings. This raised criteria not only for human profiles but also for landscape and object paintings.

　　A:Oh, what was that?

　　B:It classified paintings into ten categories covering religious beliefs, Confucianism and state power. This classfication gave an official definition of the value and significance of the paintings. The purpose of landscape paintings was to portray the five mountains, while fruit and birds were used to exemplify or eulogize the Gods. In this case, the subjects were used as references to people in order to deliver moral messages. For example, peony and peacocks represented wealth and fortune; pine trees, bamboo, plum blossoms and orchids represented elegance and accomplishment; and pine trees and cypresses symbolized loyalty.

　　A:As far as I know, painters who did not have to make a living by painting used diffferent skills to those specified

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　　in the guide, even though they painted the same subjects.

　　B:Artists are usually against pragmatism. They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint. Bamboo symbolizes integrity and pine trees symbolize never giving up. Artists also like landscapes. It doesn`t take a lot of training to paint landscapes. It all depends on the painter`s personality and ability, as well as his unique touch. Most of today`s non-professional painters follow the landscape style. The objective of these painters is purely entertainment and self-satisfaction. The more successful artists have the opportunity to exhibit at public functions. That is probably the climax of their painting careers.

　　A:What are professional painters doing?

　　B:Some of them make a great effort to improve their painting skills. They want to develop new and innovative painting methods by borrowing from other genres. Others are busy making money. They have found ways to produre commercially attractive paintings. Some people say they are no longer artists. Instead they have become manufacturers of paintings.

　　3. Rediscover Confucius 重新發(fā)現(xiàn)孔子

　　Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?

　　A:你看到中國孔子基金會發(fā)布的孔子標準像了嗎？

　　B:Yes, I did. It doesn`t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though. I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it`s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a plitician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.

　　B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。據(jù)說有很多人對這個標準像持不同意見。這也難怪，也已畢竟生活在２５００多年前，沒有誰能夠想像他真實的長相，就像你們西方人不知道柏拉圖的面孔一樣。但是，孔子對今天中國人的生活和思想依然有著重大的影響。他是中國古代的思想家、教育家、政治家，也是儒學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人。

　　A:Confucianism seems to be back in fashin again. As far as I know, about five to six million Chinese students are currently studying The analects of Confucius. Some companies are using Confucianism as a management tool. The govemment is also promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty. They see it as a way to address the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.

　　A:儒家思想似乎又風行起來了。就我所知，中國有五六百萬的孩子在學(xué)習《論語》；不少企業(yè)家把儒家思想引進到企業(yè)管理中；中國政府也試圖通過倡導(dǎo)道德、公正和廉潔的儒家思想，來解決經(jīng)濟調(diào)整發(fā)展帶來的社會問題。

　　B:Confucianism is the backbone of Chinese culture. Confucius developed his philosophy around the concept of benevolence. The Analects of Confucius is a record of his political views. Confucianism represents a set of moral principles because it stresses fairness and harmony in guman relationships, as well as the individual`s social responsibility for their country. For Confucius, political honesty is based on individual ethical integrity.

　　B:儒家思想是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主干�？鬃拥恼軐W(xué)體系以"仁"為核心，《論語》記載著他的政治學(xué)說。儒學(xué)是一套倫理道德，強調(diào)的是為人處事的正派、人際關(guān)系的和諧以及個人對國家的責任感。在孔子看來，政治的說法是以人品的正直為基礎(chǔ)的。

　　A:Some American scholars did a comparative study of confucius with Greek and Roman philosophers. Their conclusion was that there is more practical value in Confucianism. Why it that?

　　A:有的美國學(xué)者將孔子與古希臘哲人相比較，認為他的思想更具有實用價值。為什么？

　　B:Well it has extensive application in Chinese society. Confucius was also an accomplished educator. He treated his students as his equal by teaching them democratic and open-minded ideas . In the words of the American scholars, Confucius wanted to train his students to become more unrestrained and adaprable to external influences.

　　B:因為它被廣泛運用于中國社會�？鬃舆�是個了不起的教育家，他平等對待學(xué)生，教給他們民主、開放的觀念。用美國學(xué)者的話說就是：培養(yǎng)能夠自然從容并適應(yīng)環(huán)境的君子。

　　A:There is also an increasing awareness of

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　　Confucianism in other parts of the world. This may be a result of various political, cultural, and environmental challenges due to China`s growing economic importance. As a result, the rise of individualism in the community has become a serious threat to social harmony and progress. A different set of values are needed as a counterbalance. Confucianism emphasizes "courtesy" and "respect" whendealing with people or nature so it should be very beneficial for building harmony in any society.

　　A:據(jù)我所知，儒家學(xué)說也在世界其他地方逐漸引起了重視。這也許與中國經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展所帶來的各種政治、文化，以及環(huán)境等問題的巨大挑戰(zhàn)有關(guān)。個人主義在商品社會中的極端發(fā)展，對社會的和諧與進步構(gòu)成威脅，必須尋求另一種價值觀來取得平衡。而孔子的學(xué)說恰好提倡以"禮"來處理人際關(guān)系及與自然的關(guān)系，對于和諧社會的構(gòu)建大有益處。

　　B:You are right. A scholar once said that answers concerning our survival can be found in the wisdom of Confucius, even though he lived more than 25 centuries ago.

　　B:有道理。正如一位學(xué)者所說：２１世紀的生存問題，必須回到２５個世紀之前孔子的智慧中去尋求解決的答案。

　　04-Differences Between Chinese and Western Medicines中西醫(yī)的差異

　　A: For many years, there have been repeated discussions to give up Chinese medicine. Its recently become a hot topic once again. And because believe the Chinese medicine is not scientifically based in comparison to Western medicine.

　　B: Although it is debatable why Chinese medicine is scientifically sound .You cannot deny it has a rich philosophic significance. This is very different from Western medicine. Usually, a Chinese medicine practitioner approaches on the home and abroad perspective, emphasis its entirety and dialectical implications. This is why some people view it as a holistic medicine. In contrast, a Western doctor deals to recipe with symptoms. For instance, if someone has a sore throat, a Western doctor will treated it as a throat problem while a Chinese doctor may link it to the disorder of the patient's stomach.

　　A: What's the difference between Chinese and Western medicines?

　　B: A Chinese doctor examines its patients by using methods like observing, smelling , asking and feeling. His Western counterparts relies on symptoms or evidence, like body temperature and lab tests . A Chinese doctor determines the problem of patients interior organs by influence through observing very exterior signs such as complexion or the tongue .A Western doctor, on the other hand, makes his judgement based on the results of lab tests on the internal organs. He then reinforces its judgement by examining exterior symptoms. A Western doctor uses chemical based medicines and surgery, but a Chinese doctor relies on some herb medicines and acupuncture.

　　A: For patient, which is preferable?

　　B: It depends. Usually a Chinese doctor will recommend Western medicine for intensive treatment and Chinese medicine for the recovery. In fact, Chinese medicine is probably more effective in treating some functional diseases, while the cause is difficult to discover.

　　A: What will happen if Chinese medicine is indeed abandoned?

　　B: No idea, but for people with terminal diseases, Chinese medicine may be the last result. Chinese medicine can not only alleviate pain but also offers the option of different treatment.

　　05-the role of operas戲曲的作用

　　A: In his book, Chinese characteristics , which was written more than 100 years ago, A.H. Smith said the Chinese people liked opera. To them, opera was the only entertainment like sports for the British and bull-fighting for the Spanians.

　　B: In the traditional Chinese society, opera was used as vehicles to spread knowledge and ethical teachings. Most operas were based on historical events, fore clown or classical novels. They promoted traditional values and moral principles such as punishing the evil and eulogizing the good, loyalty and kindness and denunciation of ungraceful. Operas were able to fill the gaps of education and teaching , especially in the agricultural society.

　　A: Opera fans were like today's popular music fans. They enjoy singing in an arena.

　　B: The dominant Emperor Cixi in the Qing Dynasty was a super opera f

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　　an. She often had opera troops perform for her in her court. This is why Beijing opera overtook all other operas and became national entertainment. It was said the emperors were deeply influenced by the teachings of the operas. Especially those who relating to gratitude.

　　A: I know she would pardon anyone to whom she thought in dated regardless any mistakes.

　　B: That's right. Some of her stories even suggests that when she engaged the boxes to fight against the Westerners. She was under the illusion they were invisible. She got the notion from the operas they could not be heard by bullets. Of course, she was wrong. And the boxes were quickly defeated by the Westerners.

　　A: Well, if emperors had so much influence on the danger operas I think it would be even more so on ordinary people. Seems Beijing opera is no longer as popular as it was. Does it still have influence on people?

　　B: Now, it is TV. Since every household has a TV. Its influence should not be underestimated. There was a popular Korean TV drama not long ago which captivated the audience by its costumes and food. As a result, some studios in Beijing began taking photo portraits in Korean costumes and some restaurants introduce similar Korean food.

　　A: Now, I understand why the government discourages TV house from imitating Hongkong and Taiwan accents. It also explains why TV stations are forbidden for every programs about dottery and other ethical topics.

　　B: That's great, China has been experiencing in any increasingly high divaricates where dottery is decided as the main reason

　　06-Gardens and Born Sights園林和盆景

　　A:Have you ever been to Suzhou? You can find over one hundreds private gardens from the old times in this city.

　　B:Suzhou is one of my favourite cities. Gardens in that area are known for their skillful combination of landscapes. The use manmade structures such as creeks, rocks, trees, plants, civilians, platforms, terraces and bridges. Together, they created a poetic atmosphere, just like painting that combines poems, calligraphy, and scenery all in well. The rocks in the garden don't have to be huge to look meaningful as long as they arranged in order. The same is true with the creeks. It is not the length of the creeks but the term of the curve which give the garden the feeling of liveliness. This is the manifestation of Confucian belief of harmony between man and nature. And the tower is worship of nature.

　　A: I don't see a lot of harmony between man and nature in those particular gardens. There is too much human interference. You never find vast expenses grass and trees, most objects are symbolic and artificial, and they are separated from outside of the world by a wall.

　　B: This is something to do with Chinese philosophy. The imitation of nature reflects the worship of the nature. And pursuit a poetic state of mind. The walls around the garden are in effect a way to show modesty and unpretentiousness. Also, it separates people with different backgrounds.

　　A: human's interference is at its utmost with Chinese born sights, instead of allowing them to growing freely, the plant is restricted and distorted in a crowed space.

　　B: Indeed, born sights are forced on different environments to plants. However, people like them for the philosophic applications, representing and interaction with world through portrait landscape, the used to be a saying to goes: three leaves and two flowers represent the world. In other words, the few pieces of leaves and flowers are enough to make you feel the change of the weather, the earth and the universe. That's the beauty of born sights, the miniature give people of feeling of closeness to nature.

　　A: Frankly, I still think is a bizarre way to enjoy nature by distorting at the first place. But thanks for your explanation, it help me understand that this is an unique view through an unique culture.

　　B: This is diversify of the world, we need to learn to accommodate each other. Maybe these were traditional Chinese gardens and born sights are all about.

　　7. Glazed Tiles and Imperial Architecture琉璃瓦與宮廷建筑

　　A: I went to the Forbidden City on Sunday.

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　　It was a beautiful day with a blue sky and white clouds. The yellow tiles look gorgeous.

　　B: Glazed tiles are unique to Chinese architecture. They were used exclusively on imperial palaces and buildings. Junior officials or ordinary people were not allowed to use them. That's why you can only see them in the Forbidden Palace, the Summer Palace and other imperial architecture. There's a place in Beijing called 'Liulichang', which means glazed tile factory. It is where glazed tiles were made during the Ming Dynasty.

　　A: Is yellow the only color for those tiles?

　　B: No, there are other colors, such as green、blue、 purple and black. There were strict rules for the use of the tiles: yellow tiles for imperial palaces, and green tiles for the homes of the emperors' brothers.

　　A: Sound special. Could you tell me more about the colors?

　　B: The colors are related to the five elements that make up our world. Those elements are metal、wood、 water、 fire and earth. And they are represented by the colors of white、green、black、red and yellow. Each element is also influenced by the four seasons. The five regions on earth are ruled respectively by five different emperors. The yellow emperor is in the center and is assisted by the god of earth. In the east is the green emperor, who is assisted by the god of wood and responsible for spring. The red emperor in the south is assisted by the god of fire and responsible for summer. The white emperor is in the west. He is assisted by the god of metal and responsible for autumn. The black emperor is in the north, being assisted by the god of water and responsible for winter. So, the colors used in traditional architecture correspond to the theory of the five elements and five regions.

　　A: Are those theories used in any of the contemporary buildings?

　　B: Not much. The Ten-mile Stone buildings built in the 1950s follow the traditional style, but not today's landmark buildings in Beijing. Those buildings were designed together with western architects. They seldom use any of the traditional colors.

　　A: If Beijing uses the five Olympic colors to dress up the city, it will definitely look very impressive. It'll also be true with five-color theory.

　　B: That's an interesting thought. Unfortunately, there's no white in Olympic colors. Otherwise, it would be a perfect match to the five colors.

　　8. Two Boats in the Yangtze River江里的兩條船

　　M: A Norwegian was told by his Chinese friend that figuratively the Yangtze River has two boats, one called fame, and the other wealth. He said that Chinese students are in the busy pursuit of fame and wealth, while their western counterparts are more interested in an ordinary life.

　　F: Although many westerners are critical of the obsession with fame and wealth by young Chinese people, few westerners understand the reason behind it. In traditional Chinese culture, fame and wealth were two indicators of a family's glory. Every man had an obligation to both their immediate and extended families as well as to the entire village. His action would either glorify or defame his family.

　　M: Why is that?

　　F: Well, China is a developing country with scarce resources and opportunities, which means that one has to be very successful in order to live a quality life. For example, in rural areas, in order for someone in the family to go to university, his brothers and sisters may have to drop out of school to save costs. After graduation, the student would do everything he can to gain fame and wealth in the hope of lifting his family out of poverty. Such is a popular story line of a number of movies. But Gao Jianlin in a 1980's movie called "Life" is probably the most well-known. He has to do everything he can in order to live in a city, even though it is achieved at the expense of giving up his hometown sweatheart.

　　M: To be further, there are also many young Chinese who are less interested in fame and wealth, and are more focused on the life style they can enjoy.

　　F: Correct. Chinese economic progress has made it possible for these young people to choose that sort of life style. Young people of different time

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　　periods have different pursuits. In the 1950s and 1960s, shortly after the People's Republic was founded, people truly believe there wouldn't be any personal wealth without building a prosperous country in the first place. So they devoted themselves to the construction of a new China. The economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s gave people an opportunity to focus on their personal prusuits. Today, thanks to increased disposable income, people are able to constantly upgrade their life style. However, many people have begun to worry about China's future, because they see a diminishing sense of family and social responsibility among the young generation.

　　M: I'm not too worried though. As people become more affluent, their sense of responsibility will become stronger, and they will make decisions which best reflect their values. Many young people in the west have chosen to do voluntary work in Asia, Africa and other underdeveloped areas. As a matter of fact, more and more young Chinese people have also signed up as volunteers.