1). Should he act like that again, he would be fined.    If he should act like that again, ……

　　Were he to act like that again, he would be fined.   If he were to act like that again, ……

　　***If he acted like that again, ……（不可以倒裝）

　　2). Had the doctor come in time last night, the boy would have been saved.

　　If the doctor had come in time last night, ………..

　　3). If I had time now, I would go to the film with you. （不可以倒裝,因?yàn)榫渲械膆ad不是助動(dòng)詞）

　　But for….--> If it were not for…../ If it hadn't been for

　　1). But for the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn't have been saved.

　　If it hadn't been for the determined captain, all the passengers on board……

　　2). But for your rich parents, you wouldn't live such a easy life.

　　If it were not for your rich parents, you wouldn't live such a easy life.

　　再suggest, insist, demand, require, request, order, advise, propose等表示建議、要求、命令、主張的動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用(should )do的形式

　　1). Mother insisted that John (should) go to bed before 9 o'olock.

　　對(duì)比：He insisted that I had taken away his dictionary.（不是建議、要求、命令或主張）

　　2). His suggestion that Tony (should) be invited to the party was refused.（同位語(yǔ)從句）

　　對(duì)比：His words suggested that he was very angry with me.（不是建議、要求、命令或主張）

　　58. taste, smell, look, sound, feel等感官動(dòng)詞作為系動(dòng)詞后面要接adj.作表語(yǔ)。

　　1). Apple of this kind taste very nice.

　　2). Smelling nice, this kind of bread sells well.

　　59.有些動(dòng)詞常用作不及物動(dòng)詞與well或easily連用，表示某物具備的某種特征。常用的詞有sell, cut , wash, last, burn等。

　　1).His latest work sells well

　　2). Dry wood burns easily.

　　60.否定詞與比較級(jí)連用，表達(dá)最高級(jí)的含義

　　1).I have never seen a better film.

　　2).I can't agree you more. 我非常同意

　　61.替代句型：英語(yǔ)中為了避免重復(fù)，在比較從句中常用一些替代詞來(lái)代替前文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞。

　　用助動(dòng)詞代替主句中的有關(guān)動(dòng)詞：

　　1). I earn more than I did in the past.

　　2). John spends as much time watching TV as he does writing.

　　3). China is no longer what it was/ used to be.

　　擁代詞代替前文出現(xiàn)過(guò)的有關(guān)名詞：

　　that  代替指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或抽象不可數(shù)名詞，一般是特指的

　　those 代替指人或指物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一般是特指的=the ones

　　one   代替指人或指物的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，一般是泛指的

　　ones  代替指人或指物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，一般是泛指的

　　1). The output of coal this year is twice as much as that of last year.

　　2). The students in this class are more active than those in that one.

　　3). A bridge made of steel is stronger than one made of stones.

　　4). Small bananas usually taste better than bigger ones.

　　動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞用法要點(diǎn)講解

　　文章來(lái)源：教育熱點(diǎn)論文網(wǎng) 文章編輯：EduHot 發(fā)布時(shí)間：2006-04-13

　　⒈不定式作主語(yǔ)

　　動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：

　　(1)把不定式置于句首。如：

　　To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

　　(2)用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：

　　①It＋be＋名詞＋to do

　　It's our duty to take good care of the old.

　�、贗t takes sb+some time+to do

　　How long did it take you to finish the work?

　�、跧t＋be＋形容詞＋for sb＋to do

　　It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

　�、躀t＋be＋形容詞＋of sb＋to do

　　It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.

　�、軮t seems(appears)＋形容詞＋to do

　　It seemed impossible to save money.

　　在句型③中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is＋形容詞＋to do句式 ，如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.

　�、矂�(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)

　　Learning without practice is no good.

　　動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常用It句式。如：

　�、買t's +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing…

　　It's no good reading in dim light.

　　It's no use sitting here waiting.

　�、贗t's＋形容詞＋doing

　　It's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.

　　這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)用不定式 代替，如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.

　�、跿here is no+doing

　　There is no saying what will happen next.

　　在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)名詞后常帶賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于"It's impossible to…"結(jié)構(gòu)。

　�、硠�(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別

　　①不定式作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示具體動(dòng)作，常與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示抽象動(dòng) 作，經(jīng)常不與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如：

　　It's no good eating too much fat.

　　It's no good for you to eat so much fat.

　�、趧�(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)。如：

　　It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.

　　二、作賓語(yǔ)

　　⒈不定式作賓語(yǔ)

　�、僖韵聞�(dòng)詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,

　　manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接th at引導(dǎo)的從句。如：

　　I decided to ask for my money back.

　　I decided that I would ask for my money back.

　　When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.

　　When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.

　�、诋�(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，先用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式，把不定式置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后，即：主語(yǔ)＋動(dòng) 詞＋it＋補(bǔ)語(yǔ)＋to do句式。如：

　　We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.

　　He feels it his duty to help the poor.

　�、劢樵~but,except,besides+to do(do)

　　在這種句型中，如介詞前有動(dòng)詞do，后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式；如無(wú)do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to， 帶to不帶do。如：

　　The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.

　　On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.

　　⒉動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)

　�、僖韵聞�(dòng)詞后，只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：

　　I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.

　　You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.

　�、趧�(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)

　　I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.

　　What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?

　　動(dòng)名詞前的介詞有時(shí)可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。

　　⒊部分動(dòng)詞后面，既可接動(dòng)詞不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義不變。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。

　　在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被動(dòng)意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動(dòng)形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來(lái)事件，接動(dòng)名詞表示目前 正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或一般的行為。

　　在下列情況下，一般要用不定式：

　�、賖ate,like,love前有would(should)時(shí)，如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.

　�、诋�(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞begin,continue,start等是進(jìn)行式時(shí)，如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.

　�、踒egin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，如：I soon began to understand what

　　was happening.

　�、碼dvise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，或帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：

　　Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.

　　Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.

　�、挡糠謩�(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，意義差別較大，應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境選擇使用。

　　①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如：

　　Don't forget fo post the letter for me.

　　Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?

　　Remember to close the windows before you leave.

　　I remember writing him a letter a year ago.

　　We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.

　　They regretted ordering these books from abroad.

　�、趍ean to do 打算做某事

　　doing 意味著……

　　I meant to catch up with the early bus.

　　This means wasting a lot of money.

　　③try to do 設(shè)法盡力做某事

　　doing 試著做某事

　　You should try to overcome your shortcomings.

　　Try working out the physics problem in another way.

　�、躶top to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)）

　　doing 停止做某事

　　On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.

　　You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.

　�、輈an't help doing 禁不住……

　　to do不能幫助干……

　　They couldn't help jumping up at the news.

　　Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.

　　⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同內(nèi)容的事

　　doing 繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動(dòng)作的繼續(xù)

　　He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢(shì)。

　　We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.

　�、遧eave off to do 離開(kāi)某地去干什么（目的狀語(yǔ)）

　　doing停下某事

　　It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.

　　They left off to go fishing.

　　三、做表語(yǔ)

　　不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)��?lái)動(dòng)作；動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的一般行為。

　�、賂o be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

　　②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.

　�、踂hat I would suggest is to put off the meeting.