英語從屬連詞用法分析

　　從引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞的意義來看，可分為引導(dǎo)時間、原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、條件、方式、比較、地點等名種從句的連詞。

　�。�1）引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞

　　①此類連詞主要有：when, while, after, before, as, as soon as , until, till, once, since, whenever, no sooner...than, hardly/barely/scarcely...when等。

　　When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold all the tickets.當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)劇院時，我發(fā)現(xiàn)票已售完。

　　We should strike while the iron is hot.我們要趁熱打鐵。

　　Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.

　　They kept on working until it became dark.他們一直工作到天黑。

　　Once you begin , you must go on. 你一旦開始，就必須繼續(xù)下去。

　　You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.

　　每逢我問你問題, 你總好象有現(xiàn)成的答案。

　　Now (that) you are here, you'd better stay.你既然來了，那就不要走了。

　　No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain.他們剛到田里就開始下雨了。

　　Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he felt comfortable.

　　他一踏上祖國的土地就感到心情舒暢。

　　注意：no sooner, hardly等位于句首時需用倒裝語序。

　�、趀very time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment, immediately等，引導(dǎo)句子其作用相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。

　　She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.她一進(jìn)劇場就感到一種激動。

　　Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他來北京，他都來看我。

　　（2）引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞

　　此類連詞主要有because, as, since, now(that)，等。because引導(dǎo)的從句表示產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的必然的因果關(guān)系，語氣較重，可回答why問句；since語氣較輕，常位于句首；as則語氣最輕。

　　We couldn't cross the river because the water had risen. 水已經(jīng)上漲了，所以我們沒能過河。

　　Since everyone is here, let's begin. 既然大家都來了，我們就開始吧。

　　I must stop writing now, as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必須停筆了，因為我還有許多工作要做。

　　Now that you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.

　　The Italian boy was regarded as a hero because he gave his life for the country.

　　Why use wood when you can use plastic? 既然能用塑料, 為什么還要用木料?

　　（3）引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞

　　此類連詞主要有although, though, as, even if, even though, no matter what等。

　　Though my father is old, yet he wants to do something for our country.

　　我爸雖然老了，可他還要為國家做點事。

　　Even if there are difficulties， we must do it well. 即使有困難，我們也要把工作做好。

　　Young as I am, I know some of the family secrets. 盡管我年齡小，我知道一些家庭秘密。

　　Nobody believed him no matter what he said. 不管他說什么每人相信他。

　　Much as I have travelled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.

　　（4）引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞

　　此類連詞主要有if, unless, as/so long as, supposing等。

　　If we go on polluting the world ,it won't be fit for to live in.如果我們繼續(xù)污染這個世界，那這個世界就會不適合我們生活了。

　　You will fail unless you work hard. 除非努力你才不會失敗。

　　You can go out as/so long as you promise to be back soon. 只要你保證很快回來，你就可以出去。

　　What shall we do supposing he won't agree? 假定他不同意，我們怎么辦？

　　The WTO cannot live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind．

　　如果世貿(mào)組織不能容納占世界人口五分之一的國家，那它就名不符實。

　　You will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不馬上走，你要遲到了。

　　Unless he comes, we won't be able to go. 他不來我們不能走。

　�。�5）表示行為方式的從屬連詞

　　表示行為方式的從屬連詞主要有as，as if/though等。

　　When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.當(dāng)把鉛筆一部分放到水里時，鉛筆看上去就像斷了。

　　We did as he told us. 我們照他叮囑的做了。

　　He spoke as though he knew the question very well. 他說得好像對這個問題知道得很清楚。

　　注意：以as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，其謂語動詞常用虛擬語氣。與現(xiàn)在相反的情況用過去時，與過去相反的情況用過去完成時。

　　I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 整個事情我都記得,就好像此事發(fā)生在昨天。

　　He spoke like that as if he had been there before. 他那樣說好像他從前去過那里似的。

　�。�6）表示目的的從屬連詞

　　表示目的的從屬連詞主要有that, so that，in order that等。

　　I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class. 為了上課不遲到我們趕緊走。

　　John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.

　　約翰把大家關(guān)在廚房外邊，是為了能夠為晚會烹飪出人意料的飯菜。

　　John saved his money in order that he might buy a bicycle.  約翰為了買一輛自行車而把錢節(jié)省下來。

　　Bring it nearer that I may see it better. 把它拿近一些, 以便使我看得比較清楚。

　　Speak slowly so that we can follow you. 講得慢些以便我們能跟得上你。

　　（7）表示結(jié)果的從屬連詞

　　表示結(jié)果的從屬連詞，主要有that，so...that，so that，such...that等。

　　They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else.

　　他們彼此見到面，高興得把別的事情都忘記了。

　　It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street 天氣非常寒冷， 以至于街上沒有任何人。

　　It is so cold that all the water pipes have frozen. 天太冷，所有的水管都凍住了。

　　His behavior was such that we all refused to receive him in our homes.

　�。�8）表示比較的從屬連詞

　　表示比較的從屬連詞主要有than，as等

　　John plays football as well as, if not better than, David.

　　約翰踢足球和大維比如果不比他好的話，至少和他踢得一樣好。

　　I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想漢語比其他任何科目都更受歡迎。

　　Do you think that art is as interesting as music? 你認(rèn)為美術(shù)與音樂一樣有趣嗎?

　�。�9）表示地點的從屬連詞

　　表示地點的從屬連詞主要有where，wherever等。

　　You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.

　　你應(yīng)當(dāng)養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣，將東西放在你能找到的地方。

　　After the war, a new school building was put up where there once had been a theatre.

　　Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。

　　You can take it with you wherever you go.你不論去哪里，都可隨身攜帶它。

　　特殊的從屬連詞

　　1、分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的連詞：considering（考慮到、鑒于），given（考慮到），provided / providing（只要、如果），seeing（既然、考慮到），supposing(假如)。

　　Considering he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.

　　鑒于他才學(xué)了一年英語，他的英語講得算是很不錯的。

　　Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.

　　考慮到他們沒有經(jīng)驗，他們已經(jīng)是干得很好的了。

　　She never minds helping anyone who has nowhere to sleep, provided he's reasonable.

　　任何找不到住處的人，只要他們?yōu)槿苏�派，她就樂于幫助�?br />
　　Seeing he refused to help us, there's no reason why we should now help him.

　　既然他不肯幫助我們，那我們現(xiàn)在也不必非得去幫助他。

　　Supposing white were black，you would be right.假如白色都能變成黑色，那你就是對的了。

　　2、動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為連詞:save that(只是)，suppose(假定)。

　　I agree with you, save that you have got one or two facts wrong.

　　我同意你的意見，只是你有一兩處地方弄錯了。

　　Supposing they did not believe him what would they do to him?

　　如果他們不相信他的話，他們會把他怎樣呢?

　　3、副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為連詞:directly（一就），immediately（一就），instantly（一就），now that（既然），once（一…旦就）等。

　　Directly the teacher came in, everyone was quiet.老師一走進(jìn)來，大家就安靜下來了。

　　I left, immediately the clock struck twelve.鐘剛敲12點，我就離開了。

　　He set off，instantly he heard the news.他一聽到這個消息就出發(fā)了。

　　Now（that） you have the chance, you had better make good use of it.

　　既然有此機(jī)會，就該好好利用它一下。(如用過去時態(tài)，則一般用now that)

　　Once you begin, you mustn't stop.一旦開始，就不要停下來了。

　　4、名詞短語用作連詞: any moment(無論何時…)，the day(當(dāng)天就…時)，each time(每次…時)，every time(每當(dāng)…時)，the instant(一…就)，the minute（一…就…），the moment（一…就…），next time（下次…時），the way（正如…的樣子）。

　　Come and see us any moment you can. 什么時候得空請來看看我們。

　　He called on her the day he arrived.  他到的當(dāng)天就去看望了她。

　　Each time we call on him, he is reading. 每次我們?nèi)タ此�，他都在看書�?br />
　　She smiles every time she sees me.  她見到我時總是面帶微笑。

　　I told you the instant I heard the news.  我一聽說那個消息馬上就通知了你。

　　We will leave the minute you're ready.  你準(zhǔn)備好我們就走。

　　The moment he spoke we recognized his voice.  他剛一開口我們就聽出他的聲音了。

　　I'm going to see him next time he comes here.  下次他來時我一定要會會他。

　　They didn't do it the way we do now.   他們當(dāng)時的做法和我們現(xiàn)在的做法不同。

　　--Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her?  你記得還欠瑪麗的錢了嗎？

　　--Yes. I gave it to her the moment I saw her.  記著了。我一看見她就還給她了。

　　5、the first time表示"第一次….時…"的用法

　�。�1）the first time表示"第一次"，引導(dǎo)表語從句時，強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時為止某一情況或動作的次數(shù)，主句中系動詞是is，從句謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)；主句中系動詞是was，從句謂語用過去完成時態(tài)。

　　This is the first time he has been late this term． 這是他本學(xué)期第一次遲到。

　　That was the first time I had gone to work． 那是我第一次上班。

　　- Do you know our town at all？  你了解這座城市嗎？

　　- No，this is the first time I have been here． 不了解。這是我第一次來。

　　（2）the first time表示"第一次……時"，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中謂語用一般過去時態(tài)，側(cè)重點不是要說第一次做了什么，而是要敘述另一情況或動作。

　　The first time Mr Brown came to China he visited the Great Wall．

　　布朗先生第一次來中國時就游覽了長城。

　　The first time I saw him，he was reading a book．我第一次見到他時，他在看書。

　　I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.  我第一次見她就認(rèn)為她很好也很誠實。

　�。�3）the first time表示"第一次…的情景"，引導(dǎo)定語從句，從句謂語用一般過去時來表示。

　　Do you remember the first time we met？你還記得我們第一次見面的情景嗎？