锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷薅锟斤拷锟街�锟絉锟絚

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫讹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟皆狅拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷——同锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵�一锟皆狅拷牟锟酵�锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟节撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷H锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絪锟絅一锟斤拷(F1)锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟皆狀，未锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟皆狅拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟絪锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷同锟絩锟紷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷[锟斤拷锟皆狅拷默F(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(5)锟絪锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟叫诧拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷H锟斤拷之锟絞锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(6)锟皆斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵的傦拷锟絯之锟絞锟侥斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟皆伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷一锟絅)

锟斤拷锟斤拷(7)锟統锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟皆狅拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯)锟侥傦拷锟絯锟絚未知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵的傦拷锟絯锟組锟叫斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷y锟斤拷該未知锟斤拷锟絯锟杰產(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷秃捅锟斤拷锟�(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟絅锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(8)锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤個锟絯锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(9)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟絚锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟侥伙拷锟斤拷M锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(10)锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷——位锟斤拷一锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷同位锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷幕锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角碉拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟较的伙拷锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟侥诧拷同位锟矫的伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(11)锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷效锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷DNA片锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟较呈撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较德狅拷锟斤拷锟缴癸拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟絖锟絰锟矫岋拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷一锟姐豆锟角囷拷(y锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟皆伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷植锟斤拷(锟絔锟斤拷锟节凤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节區(q锟斤拷)锟街碉拷锟皆狅拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狀到锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷芯锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統(t锟斤拷ng)計锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟組锟叫凤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(4)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津：硷拷锟絝-锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷f——锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紺2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接碉拷锟轿成ｏ拷3锟斤拷锟窖硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷(2n)1锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷↓锟絞锟节ｏ拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷↓锟絞锟节ｏ拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷(2n)1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷↓前锟节ｏ拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥互锟絈(2n)↓前锟节ｏ拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絯…(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(2n)锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷锟戒對锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟斤拷锟絰(2n)锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟斤拷末锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟斤拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟轿硷拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷(n)1锟斤拷锟轿硷拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷+1锟斤拷锟絆锟絯(n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷↓前锟节ｏ拷(n)↓前锟节ｏ拷(n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷(n)锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷(n)锟侥★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷b锟絜锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角凤拷锟斤拷确锟斤拷眩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷确锟斤拷锟�——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿筹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟斤拷——锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟窖撅拷锟接碉拷锟轿筹拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥數(sh锟斤拷)——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟轿硷拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿硷拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷偶锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)——锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟窖猴拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟叫為：聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(锟侥凤拷锟絯锟絩锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同源染色锟絯——锟叫絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給同源染色锟絯——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷同源染色锟絯锟侥凤拷锟絰——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟窖猴拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟侥凤拷锟絰一锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷同源染色锟絯——锟絧锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟斤拷锟窖猴拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)锟給同源染色锟絯——锟叫絲锟斤拷锟窖猴拷锟节碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷誀锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡伙拷锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟皆別锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷停锟絏染色锟絯锟紷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷D锟斤拷锟紼锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷X染色锟絯锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類紅锟紾色盲锟斤拷血锟窖诧拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷Y染色锟絯锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫�锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷X染色锟絯锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷類紅锟紾色盲

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟铰诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Xa锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏A

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷XaY女锟斤拷XaXa

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷XAY女锟斤拷XAXAXAXa(锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷群锟叫發(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟剿旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟皆达拷锟斤拷女锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷(一)锟斤拷锟叫旓拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷女锟叫诧拷——锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷(锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷——锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟叫诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷女锟給锟斤拷——锟紷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉锟絚锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟紺锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷D(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤實锟�锟斤拷T2锟缴撅拷锟絯锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟节讹拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)DNA锟斤拷锟接的結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)

锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉锟絚锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟接碉拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絚?

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟缴兩條鏈組锟缴碉拷锟斤拷锟紷锟缴條鏈帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷平锟叫凤拷式锟絇锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絧锟斤拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷脫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角猴拷锟斤拷锟结交锟斤拷锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴伙拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷;锟紸锟斤拷锟节冿拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷A=T;G=C;?3锟斤拷锟缴條锟斤拷系膲A锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟絀锟紹锟接成堿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭堿锟斤拷锟戒對锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟缴ｏ拷A(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)一锟斤拷锟絚T(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟戒對;G(锟紹锟斤拷锟斤拷)一锟斤拷锟絚C(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�)锟戒對锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟紷锟絅一一锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘锟戒對原锟絫锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(A+G)/(T+C)=1;(A+C)=(T+G)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷锟紸+T锟絚锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷械锟絋+A锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷械锟紺+G锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷械锟紾+C?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷l锟斤拷械锟�(A+T)/(C+G)=a锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷aDNA锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡碉拷锟絕锟斤拷(DNA锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡的革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絣锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰)?

锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟接忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟角傦拷邊锟斤拷锟斤拷邊锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟絫锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟皆忥拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷;也锟斤拷锟皆忥拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟津蛋帮拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)錄凤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟杰從碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟津蛋帮拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟杰從碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷還锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷RN1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷酶锟侥合成侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟皆狀。

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟狡碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)直锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟皆狅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷A(锟斤拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷)也锟斤拷锟皆忥拷RNA锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟�)锟斤拷也锟节�锟脚ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭�锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭匡拷锟狡忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟狡的條锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷酶锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷模锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟皆碉拷)锟诫保锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟狡★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷锟紺锟斤拷锟紿锟接兩达拷之锟絞锟皆狅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷l锟斤拷械锟�(A+C)/(G+T)=b锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷一锟絣锟斤拷系谋锟街碉拷锟�1/b?

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷還锟叫兩傦拷锟角伙拷锟絘锟紸锟斤拷之锟斤拷占DNA锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷50%?

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷DNA锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥條锟斤拷?

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷T2锟缴撅拷锟絯锟斤拷染锟斤拷锟絚锟経锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟教ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟诫、锟较筹拷锟斤拷锟組锟絙锟斤拷釋凤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹锟絤(x锟斤拷)锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷——锟紷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫斷常锟斤拷锟斤拷染色锟絯锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷女锟斤拷锟叫诧拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絒锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟紷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷女锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷→女锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷染色锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絖锟缴烇拷山M染色锟絯(2n)锟斤拷锟节ｏ拷(2n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷末锟节ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟饺凤拷锟絰(n)末锟节ｏ拷(n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n)1锟斤拷锟窖硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n)+3锟斤拷锟絆锟絯(n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷↓變锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n)

锟斤拷锟斤拷2

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴匡拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷什么

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟饺憋拷锟斤拷锟教诧拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟矫好碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟届背锟絥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥匡拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟侥東锟斤拷锟截別锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡侊拷W(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟街旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街碉拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷每一锟街讹拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟街分必狅拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟揭�锟叫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟睫和憋拷锟斤拷锟絥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷注锟揭惨�锟絁锟芥對锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟斤拷锟杰匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷詭讉锟酵�锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷]锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2.锟斤拷锟斤拷要計锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷z锟斤拷锟絵

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要計锟斤拷牟锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷劝鸦锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷計锟姐方锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟襟總結(ji锟斤拷)一锟斤拷锟絲锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟絵目锟斤拷一一突锟狡★拷

锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟戒、志愿锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟饺★拷謹锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號