锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟絓輸?sh锟斤拷)膶锟斤拷?/p>

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟紹透锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟紹透锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷指水锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷)通锟絕锟斤拷透膜锟侥擴散锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紹透锟斤拷锟矫的條锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷蔷锟斤拷邪锟酵改�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角帮拷透膜锟缴傦拷(c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟叫濓拷炔锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷失水(原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹透锟斤拷锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤細锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷失水

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷<锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷脹

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷失水锟斤拷锟絪

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷=锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟节動態(t锟斤拷i)平锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷植锟斤細锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷失水

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷液锟絯锟絟(hu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷要指锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷募锟斤拷锟揭�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟接ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷液锟斤拷膜锟皆硷拷锟缴岋拷膜之锟絞锟侥硷拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷<锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟斤拷原

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷=锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷葧r锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷處锟节動態(t锟斤拷i)平锟解　锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟捷达拷小锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷變小锟斤拷脫锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷u锟街忥拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟街忥拷原位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷變

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟侥條锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟叫达拷液锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟斤拷锟叫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(3)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟节凤拷锟絰锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷原锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟皆达拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷s锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭猴拷锟斤拷>锟斤拷锟斤拷液锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷植锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷式锟叫兩種锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(未锟轿筹拷液锟斤拷)锟界：锟缴種锟接★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷^(q锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟紹透锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟轿筹拷液锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟絓輸?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?/p>

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絍锟絴(zh锟斤拷)元锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷讹拷——锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓輸

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟秸讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴硷拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟侥種類和旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕锟斤拷膜锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷一些锟絰锟接猴拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟接和达拷锟斤拷觿t锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟阶組锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟経散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥高濓拷鹊锟斤拷蜐锟饺碉拷锟絓锟接斤拷锟斤拷锟経散(锟経散锟絚锟絕膜锟絚锟斤拷o锟絇(gu锟斤拷n))

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟界：O2锟侥濓拷雀叩牡胤锟斤拷锟斤拷鹊偷牡胤锟斤拷\锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紹透锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟接伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕锟斤拷透膜锟侥擴散锟街稱锟斤拷B透

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷失水锟斤拷原锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟洁當锟节帮拷透膜)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷透膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷透锟絕锟絚锟斤拷取锟絈锟节帮拷透膜锟斤拷隙直锟斤拷锟侥达拷小(锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絬锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖氾拷膜锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷透锟絕锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟较撅拷锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟揭诧拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷募锟斤拷锟侥わ拷锟斤拷d锟絯锟絅類和旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟剿岋拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷斩锟斤拷俚锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟饺革拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷膜)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节讹拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角赌ｏ拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷探锟斤拷锟絭锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷見P65-67)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角赌ｏ拷偷幕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(n锟斤拷i)锟捷★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接層橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷膜锟侥伙拷锟斤拷支锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟角讹拷锟斤拷锟街�锟絧锟斤拷锟接層憋拷锟芥，锟叫的诧拷锟街伙拷全锟斤拷嵌锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫的橫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接岋拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟絧锟斤拷锟接層和达拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟接匡拷锟斤拷锟絓锟斤拷锟角碉拷锟斤拷(锟角憋拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟缴ｏ拷锟缴硷拷锟斤拷膜锟较的碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟絚锟斤拷類結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿成★拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭凤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷血锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷膜锟絓輸?sh锟斤拷)姆锟斤拷?/p>

锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓輸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷順濓拷锟斤拷荻鹊臄U散锟斤拷锟絈锟介被锟斤拷锟絓輸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(1)锟斤拷锟缴擴散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)通锟絕锟斤拷锟轿的擴散锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷(2)锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経散锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的擴散

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓輸锟斤拷锟侥低濓拷锟揭伙拷锟�(c锟斤拷)锟絓輸?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷邼锟斤拷一锟�?c锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟阶的協(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩還锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟侥硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟絎锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷釋放碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓輸锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絛锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴擴散锟斤拷锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷水锟斤拷CO2锟斤拷O2锟斤拷N2锟斤拷锟揭达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟酵★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷脂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟截等★拷锟斤拷锟絝(xi锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟経散锟斤拷锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷t锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絓輸锟斤拷锟斤拷→锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷K+锟斤拷Na+锟斤拷Ca+锟斤拷锟絰锟接★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷小锟絚锟斤拷皮锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟教★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟斤拷前锟绞傦拷锟斤拷志愿锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟饺★拷謹锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號