锟斤拷锟斤拷煤炭锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)院锟斤拷锟絑系锟斤拷锟斤拷陸达拷锟斤拷
 
  一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

         锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絑锟皆达拷B锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷“英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟絎(xu锟斤拷)”锟斤拷锟揭囷拷锟斤拷通锟竭等學(xu锟斤拷)校锟酵筹拷锟剿高等學(xu锟斤拷)校英锟絑锟絑锟斤拷锟侥學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絀(y锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟狡段碉拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絥锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷McCarthy(1990)锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟絝锟絕锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟节讹拷锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟給論锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟矫讹拷锟�锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟給論锟斤拷锟秸得讹拷漂锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絑锟皆斤拷锟紿也锟統锟皆岋拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷英锟絑锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟絧锟截的碉拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟侥猴拷锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟絃锟斤拷锟皆侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟統锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟教讹拷锟斤拷锟統锟皆帮拷锟秸★拷

         锟絁知锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟角�锟�(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷英锟絑锟絑锟皆教學(xu锟斤拷)锟结供锟斤拷锟铰碉拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絁知锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷Lakeoff(1987), Croft(1993)锟斤拷锟絁锟介：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷J知锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷J知锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟街段★拷锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰之锟絞锟洁互聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟叫筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆烇拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷N锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷

         锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟洁互聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节兩傦拷锟洁互锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯之锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：原锟斤拷徒Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭猴拷目锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷★拷锟剿伙拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节的時锟絞锟酵匡拷锟絞锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚原锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷鹊锟�锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系指锟斤拷锟角橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷同一锟斤拷锟絯锟侥兩傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟界部锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤及锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟轿傦拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟絚锟劫等碉拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆猴拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰

锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥都锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)

1. 锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

         锟絊锟斤拷锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絁锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角筹拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫★拷Deese锟斤拷1965锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰�(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷論锟絁锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接筹拷~锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟絰”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟�”锟斤拷“锟絯锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟桔凤拷”锟饺凤拷映锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆界定锟斤拷锟窖碉拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絰之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟絯锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟桔凤拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷映锟絶锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较撅拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆烇拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟侥革拷锟斤拷群锟斤拷

         Deese锟斤拷锟絕锟絚锟絚锟絁知锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷Lakeoff(1987), Croft(1993)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀CM锟絁知模式锟叫癸拷同锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟角达拷锟絏锟叫冿拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷P(gu锟斤拷n)某一锟截讹拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉锟侥憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟轿筹拷锟絶锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟侥伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟叫达拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷小锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷building a house锟斤拷锟斤拷锟襟到讹拷锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟侥綜锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷in the railway station锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟角癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅知锟絉锟侥組锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟絪锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介景模式锟斤拷锟介景模式锟角岋拷锟絋锟介經(j锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷一系锟斤拷锟铰硷拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)計锟斤拷知锟絉锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟结供锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷seller锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷market锟紷一锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷也锟介激锟斤拷同一模式锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷模式锟结供锟剿伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷同一模式锟叫的革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷诓锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絅锟絚锟劫碉拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷同一锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟給锟斤拷锟街橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：锟斤拷in the supermarket 锟紷一锟絁知模式锟斤拷锟斤拷clothing department锟斤拷food department锟斤拷electrical appliance department 锟饺革拷锟斤拷锟角統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟斤拷锟絯锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷TV锟斤拷radio锟斤拷VCD锟饺革拷锟斤拷锟絜lectrical appliance锟斤拷锟节種锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟劫革拷锟斤拷之锟絞也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷同锟絩锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟絁知模式之锟絞也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟接碉拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷

        英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟皆帮拷锟絝計锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟絉锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭絕锟襟部分讹拷锟角讹拷锟絰锟絶锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰之锟絞锟洁互聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆烇拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟侥革拷锟斤拷群锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絶锟斤拷锟絰之锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟竭帮拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟侥橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接�锟絑水平锟斤拷

1.锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷1锟斤拷bounty锟斤拷锟劫匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节匡拷锟斤拷贈锟酵的禮锟斤；锟桔�锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷f某锟剿匡拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷锟截讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷e锟剿匡拷锟斤拷贈锟酵禮锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絏锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆①和②�锟斤拷x锟斤拷g锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷2锟斤拷aeroso锟斤拷锟劫加夛拷锟杰凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫囷拷锟紽锟絙锟斤拷施锟脚筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷水锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟节囷拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紽锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

aeroso锟斤拷锟斤拷蓚锟斤拷x锟斤拷g锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟捷的岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷3锟斤拷choir锟斤拷锟劫筹拷詩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节筹拷詩锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较�锟斤拷

锟劫和�锟斤拷w锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟剿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷诘目锟斤拷g之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷4锟斤拷abbey锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫碉拷院锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫碉拷院锟斤拷全锟絯锟斤拷士锟斤拷锟斤拷女锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫碉拷院锟侥达拷锟斤拷玫姆锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟劫和②兩傦拷锟絰锟街�锟絞锟斤拷锟剿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤及锟斤拷锟叫碉拷之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟劫和③兩傦拷锟絰锟街�锟絞锟絫锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿現(xi锟斤拷n)锟节猴拷锟絕去锟缴傦拷锟絩锟斤拷之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷5锟斤拷capture锟斤拷锟劫诧拷捉锟津被诧拷捉锟斤拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟剿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷虜锟斤拷锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷品锟斤拷

锟劫和�锟斤拷w锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟叫烇拷锟斤拷w之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷6锟斤拷assembly锟斤拷锟劫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟较碉拷锟剿傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿傦拷锟斤拷

锟缴傦拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟絯之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷7锟斤拷crepitation锟斤拷锟劫憋拷锟窖ｏ拷锟节憋拷锟斤拷聲锟斤拷

該锟斤拷锟絶锟侥兩傦拷锟絰锟斤拷w锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫為及锟叫烇拷锟斤拷S锟斤拷聲锟斤拷之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷8锟斤拷deportment锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟絜止锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿態(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷

锟缴傦拷锟絰項憋拷示锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟叫為方式之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷9锟斤拷allot锟斤拷锟劫ｏ拷锟給記锟斤拷投票锟斤拷锟矫的ｏ拷锟絰票锟斤拷锟节無記锟斤拷投票锟斤拷

锟缴傦拷锟絰锟斤拷w锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿癸拷锟竭猴拷目锟斤拷之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷10锟斤拷deprecate锟斤拷锟劫岋拷锟斤拷某锟斤拷锟斤）锟斤拷示锟斤拷贊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷某锟剿的凤拷械龋锟斤拷X锟斤拷锟統锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟缴傦拷锟絶锟侥兩傦拷锟絰锟斤拷@示锟剿匡拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷袨锟斤拷c該锟叫烇拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

2锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)

锟斤拷1锟斤拷carnation锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷石锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷馨锟斤拷a garden plant with sweet smelling white pink or red flowers锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节匡拷锟斤拷馨锟斤拷one of these flowers锟斤拷锟斤拷

前一锟絰锟街敢伙拷N植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絰锟街革拷@锟絅植锟斤拷幕锟�锟斤拷锟缴傦拷锟絰項达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷2锟斤拷card锟斤拷锟劫猴拷片锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节匡拷片锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷慰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷片锟斤拷

card 锟叫②和�锟斤拷x項匡拷片锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷慰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷片锟斤拷锟缴猴拷片锟津薄硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟狡筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷刷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰項和�锟斤拷x锟斤拷g锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟较碉拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷3锟斤拷cartilage锟斤拷锟斤拷軟锟角ｏ拷锟斤拷軟锟角結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷

锟斤拷處锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷慕Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷4锟斤拷activity锟斤拷锟劫伙拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节凤拷忙锟侥伙拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥伙拷印锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟侥兩傦拷锟絰項讹拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫為及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷5锟斤拷means锟斤拷sing or pl.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷action by which a resent is brought about; methods锟斤拷锟斤拷

同一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟饺匡拷锟斤拷锟轿旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷也锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿單傦拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷6锟斤拷pup锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小水锟紿锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷young of various other animals, eg, otters锟斤拷seals锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷puppy锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟饺匡拷锟皆憋拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷小锟侥勶拷锟斤，锟街匡拷锟皆�锟街感★拷锟斤拷@一锟絅锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿種锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷

         锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴成分碉拷锟絉锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭嗭拷锟絶之锟絞锟洁互锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟斤拷覀锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟絉之锟絞锟侥达拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟侥讹拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟戒法锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷Z锟絰锟斤拷锟�(j锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角幾組锟斤拷锟接ｏ拷

A锟斤拷锟斤拷1. My father sprayed some pesticide onto the flowers.

            2. My father sprayed the flowers with some pesticide onto.

B    1.John put presents into the bag.

     2.John put into the bag with presents.

C    1. They covered a red flag onto the dead.

     2. They covered the dead with a red flag.

        锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟芥及锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟皆硷拷锟缴傦拷锟戒法锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)V+O1+onto(into)+O2锟斤拷V+O2+with+O2锟斤拷spray锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絤锟较兩傦拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟斤拷put锟斤拷cover只锟絤锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之一锟斤拷锟紷锟角烇拷什么锟斤拷锟斤拷只要探锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟紷锟阶傦拷锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷械锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟酵曪拷锟絣(f锟斤拷)锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)原锟斤拷spray锟叫兩傦拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷X causes Y to move into/onto Z锟斤拷X causes Z to change state by means of moving Y into/onto it锟斤拷put只锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷X causes Y to move into/onto Z锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷put锟斤拷锟絜锟絑只锟斤拷锟角憋拷锟狡勶拷锟斤拷锟斤。B锟組锟叫禮锟斤被锟狡動讹拷锟斤拷锟角帮拷锟斤拷锟狡勶拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟絜锟絗锟斤拷cover也只锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷X causes Z to change state by means of moving Y into/onto it锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟絑只锟斤拷锟角狅拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷C锟組锟叫紅锟斤拷臓锟紹(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷未锟斤拷變锟斤拷锟斤拷锟統锟竭的狅拷B(t锟斤拷i)锟斤拷未锟絯锟絫锟届到锟絯锟剿紅锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�2锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟絜锟絗锟斤拷锟紷些锟絶锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷Y(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫烇拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絅锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

         锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟戒法锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷還要锟斤拷锟絔锟絑锟絰锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)——一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟絑锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆烇拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟轿成的統(t锟斤拷ng)一锟絯锟斤拷锟絑锟絰锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟叫碉拷锟統锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟絰锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥帮拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絑锟皆學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟竭碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫囷拷锟絊锟斤拷英锟絑锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟竭句法锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷锟秸碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟絰锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)未锟斤拷锟皆筹拷锟斤拷锟揭曪拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘(ch锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟絜锟絗锟斤拷影锟斤拷锟接�锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥發(f锟斤拷)展锟斤拷希锟斤拷锟叫囷拷英锟絑锟教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷訌锟斤拷Z锟絰锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)知锟絉锟侥教學(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟侥ｏ拷锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷

         英锟絑锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷~锟絉锟斤拷锟絰之锟絞锟斤拷锟洁互锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟絰锟侥傦拷锟絖委锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟秸碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟侥伙拷沙锟斤拷影锟斤拷效锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絉锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷藝锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟叫碉拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟皆烇拷锟斤拷A(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷式锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷metonymy锟斤拷,锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷synecdoche锟斤拷, 锟狡就ｏ拷transferred epithet锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟絊锟斤拷irony锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟饺ｏ拷contrast锟斤拷, 矛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷oxymoron锟斤拷,軛式锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷zeugma锟斤拷, 锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷climax锟斤拷, 突锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷bathos锟斤拷, 委锟今法ｏ拷euphemism锟斤拷锟饺碉拷锟斤拷

        锟紻(zhu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟絚A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷木植锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟街诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯—锟斤拷锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟界：锟絕锟組千锟斤拷锟皆诧拷锟角ｏ拷锟狡滐拷庭锟睫★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷”锟节达拷锟絶锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫诧拷锟街达拷锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟剿诧拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絯之锟絞锟斤拷聯(li锟斤拷n)锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷淇傦拷锟角э拷锟斤拷锟絃(f锟斤拷ng)霜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷聲锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟斤拷“锟斤拷锟斤拷”锟紷锟缴傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫侊拷指锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷?y锟斤拷u)锟斤拷w锟斤拷锟侥廣锟斤拷臅r锟秸凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷诘臅r锟斤拷锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

        锟狡撅拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷去锟矫匡拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絶直锟斤拷锟絝锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷飾岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷|(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟轿狅拷锟斤拷锟缴�锟饺凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絞锟接碉拷锟絓锟斤拷該锟斤拷飾岋拷锟斤拷o锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟杰侊拷锟借寫锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷膶锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷a dizzy height锟斤拷

         锟斤拷锟絊指锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟絰锟洁反锟斤拷锟絶锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿凤拷锟絰锟絶锟絉之锟絞锟侥岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟介對锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷同锟絚锟斤拷一锟絅锟斤拷锟給锟街讹拷锟斤拷也通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫凤拷锟絰锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絯锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟侥诧拷e锟斤拷矛锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟斤拷Z锟斤拷锟斤拷飾岋拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟轿成凤拷锟絰锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭憋拷锟芥看锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟较組锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟叫機锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷

         軛式锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷指一锟斤拷锟絶锟絑同锟絩锟酵诧拷锟叫結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟侥兩诧拷锟街达拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟街猴拷該锟絶锟絑锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟街猴拷該锟絶锟絑锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟絗锟斤拷锟斤拷規(gu锟斤拷)锟斤拷取锟斤拷锟斤拷默锟斤拷藝锟絞(sh锟斤拷)效锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥达拷锟斤拷锟絶之锟絞锟斤拷锟絰聯(li锟斤拷n)系锟給锟杰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟节岋拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷

         锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷突锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指一锟組锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟洁互锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絶锟絉锟酵撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟絅锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟洁互锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)聯(li锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絑锟皆嗭拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷u锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿成高筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭讹拷然锟絧锟斤拷锟轿筹拷突锟斤拷锟斤拷

         委锟斤拷锟絑锟斤拷锟角烇拷锟剿憋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷直锟接憋拷锟絖某锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷牟锟斤拷悖�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚直锟接憋拷锟絖锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟侥冿拷(y锟斤拷u)锟脚的或含伙拷锟斤拷Z锟皆嗭拷位锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絖該锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷 锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟絑

        锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷只锟叫筹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟洁互锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟斤拷英锟絑锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟竭诧拷锟杰夛拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟絖锟斤拷锟秸猴拷锟絓锟斤拷英锟絑锟絶锟絉锟斤拷英锟絑锟教庯拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷锟斤拷锟接�锟絑锟絶锟絉锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟絥锟教的教學(xu锟斤拷)效锟斤拷锟斤拷