锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷)锟角旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論直锟斤拷19锟斤拷锟給(j锟斤拷)锟脚憋拷锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角高匡拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)一輪锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷知锟絉锟絚锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(x锟斤拷)锟斤拷~

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：1锟斤拷锟斤拷散锟斤拷锟剿伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷奂锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟�;使锟桔硷拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絶锟斤拷一锟組锟斤拷锟斤拷某锟絅锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟截ｏ拷锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟侥★拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷锟斤拷號锟饺等★拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫好讹拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟界集锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角現(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟侥伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絋锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(Cantor锟斤拷G.F.P.锟斤拷1845锟斤拷1918锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰囷拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷論锟侥勶拷(chu锟斤拷ng)始锟斤拷锟斤拷目前锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟侥伙拷锟斤拷思锟斤拷锟窖斤拷(j锟斤拷ng)锟紹透锟斤拷锟紽(xi锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絀(l锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较ｏ拷锟节旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷什么锟叫伙拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷?锟斤拷锟紸(ch锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷远锟斤拷x锟侥革拷锟筋。锟斤拷锟较的革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷通锟絕直锟絕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟铰讹拷锟絰锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角帮拷锟剿傦拷锟斤拷直锟絕锟侥伙拷思锟絊锟叫碉拷某些锟絖锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰夛拷^(q锟斤拷)锟街的岋拷锟斤拷R锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷使之锟缴烇拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絯(锟斤拷Q锟斤拷锟斤拷w)锟斤拷锟紷一锟斤拷锟絯锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟組锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷些锟斤拷锟斤拷Q锟斤拷锟紷一锟斤拷锟较碉拷元锟斤拷(锟津簡稱锟斤拷元)锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系锟叫岋拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节兩種锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絚锟斤拷锟斤拷之锟絞锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)系

锟斤拷锟斤拷某些指锟斤拷锟侥岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷统蔀锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷霞锟斤拷戏锟教栵拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷迋锟皆�锟截斤拷锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫無锟睫傦拷元锟截叫無锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟秸硷拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷锟轿猴拷元锟截的硷拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷占锟斤拷锟斤拷魏渭锟斤拷系锟斤拷蛹锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿何非空硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟轿何硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫傦拷锟絝锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷f锟斤拷一锟铰ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷同锟絩锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絫A锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A?B锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟絫A锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷一锟姐寫锟斤拷A?B锟斤拷锟叫學(xu锟斤拷)锟教诧拷锟絥锟斤拷锟斤將?锟斤拷號锟铰硷拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷號(锟斤拷锟揭圖)锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷試锟絩還锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟絥锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿的硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟剿的硷拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟�锟斤拷锟�

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较的幾種锟絓锟姐法锟絫

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆岋拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷?q锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟紹锟斤拷元锟截烇拷元锟截的硷拷锟较稱锟斤拷A锟絚B锟侥诧拷(锟斤拷)锟斤拷記锟斤拷AB(锟斤拷BA)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷A锟斤拷B(锟斤拷B锟斤拷A)锟斤拷锟斤拷AB={x|xA锟斤拷锟斤拷xB}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆岋拷锟斤拷A锟揭岋拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷元锟筋集锟斤拷示

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟截烇拷元锟截的硷拷锟较稱锟斤拷A锟絚B锟侥斤拷(锟斤拷)锟斤拷記锟斤拷AB(锟斤拷BA)锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷A锟斤拷B(锟斤拷B锟斤拷A)锟斤拷锟斤拷AB={x|xA锟斤拷锟斤拷xB}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷U={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷4锟斤拷5}A={1锟斤拷3锟斤拷5}B={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷5}锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟斤拷锟紸锟斤拷B锟叫讹拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷5锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷AB={1锟斤拷5}锟斤拷锟劫侊拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟缴傦拷锟叫猴拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷5锟紷些锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰讹拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷么锟絝AB={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷5}锟斤拷锟紻锟叫碉拷锟接帮拷锟斤拷志锟斤拷锟紸B锟斤拷锟斤拷趣锟斤拷锟斤拷;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷105锟叫诧拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷5锟斤拷7锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟叫讹拷锟劫傦拷锟斤拷锟結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷3锟斤拷5锟斤拷7每項減锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷1锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷48锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟筋集锟斤拷锟絆(sh锟斤拷)A锟斤拷B锟介集锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟絚B锟侥岋拷锟絈锟筋集A?B锟斤拷锟絰锟介：A?B=(A-B)(B-A)锟斤拷锟界：A={a锟斤拷b锟斤拷c}锟斤拷B={b锟斤拷d}锟斤拷锟絫A?B={a锟斤拷c锟斤拷d}锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟絓锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷N锟斤拷锟絰锟角ｏ拷A?B=(AB)-(AB)锟給锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤含锟叫無锟睫傦拷元锟截的硷拷锟较斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷N*锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷全锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷N_n={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷n}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟揭伙拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)n锟斤拷使锟矫硷拷锟斤拷A锟絚N_n一一锟斤拷锟斤拷(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷么A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟筋：锟皆岋拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷元锟截烇拷元锟截的硷拷锟较稱锟斤拷A锟絚B锟侥诧拷(锟斤拷)锟斤拷記锟斤拷锟斤拷AB={x锟斤拷xA锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷B}锟斤拷注锟斤拷锟秸硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿何硷拷锟较ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絝锟秸硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟轿何硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角從差集锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟侥革拷锟斤拷锟斤拷指锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷U锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷元锟截組锟缴的硷拷锟较稱锟介集锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟絘锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷CuA锟斤拷锟斤拷CuA={x|xU锟斤拷锟斤拷x锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A}锟秸硷拷也锟斤拷锟絁(r锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷U={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷4锟斤拷5}锟斤拷A={1锟斤拷2锟斤拷5}锟斤拷么全锟斤拷锟叫讹拷A锟叫沒锟叫碉拷3锟斤拷4锟斤拷锟斤拷CuA锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟絘锟斤拷锟斤拷CuA={3锟斤拷4}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷息锟斤拷锟絞(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(d锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷CuA锟斤拷锟斤拷~A锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟截碉拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷1.锟絖锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷每一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰確锟斤拷锟角诧拷锟斤拷某一锟斤拷锟较碉拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟叫確锟斤拷锟皆就诧拷锟杰成為集锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界個锟接高碉拷同锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟斤拷小锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟杰橈拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟斤拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫旓拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角凤拷锟斤拷锟轿成硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷2.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟截的傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较憋拷锟斤拷锟侥傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷須烇拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷3.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷蓚锟皆�锟截讹拷锟角诧拷同锟侥岋拷锟斤拷锟界寫锟斤拷{1锟斤拷1锟斤拷2}锟斤拷锟斤拷同锟斤拷{1锟斤拷2}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷使锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟斤拷锟角沒锟斤拷锟截忥拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟缴傦拷锟斤拷同锟侥岋拷锟斤拷锟斤拷同一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫時锟斤拷只锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷一锟斤拷元锟斤拷锟斤拷4.锟給锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷{a锟斤拷b锟斤拷c}{c锟斤拷b锟斤拷a}锟斤拷同一锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷5.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟斤拷锟絕锟斤拷锟较的硷拷锟斤拷锟皆ｏ拷锟矫傦拷锟斤拷锟接侊拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A={x|x2}锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟截讹拷要锟斤拷锟斤拷x2锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟较硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷6.锟斤拷锟斤拷裕锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫凤拷锟斤拷x2锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷A锟叫ｏ拷锟紷锟斤拷锟角硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絙锟斤拷锟斤拷锟�(y锟斤拷ng)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷B锟斤拷锟絫AB=A锟斤拷AB=B

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较的憋拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较筹拷锟矫达拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟界：A锟斤拷B锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节硷拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟截則锟斤拷小锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟界：a锟斤拷b锟斤拷c锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母只锟斤拷锟洁當(d锟斤拷ng)锟节硷拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷锟轿何岋拷锟紿锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絰锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟絰锟給锟斤拷锟较的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟界：A={}锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷號锟斤拷邊锟角大寫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷母锟斤拷锟斤拷邊锟斤拷锟斤拷號锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷號锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟斤拷锟角撅拷锟斤拷某锟絅锟斤拷同锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)锟侥旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)元锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟矫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷1.锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节憋拷示锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟较ｏ拷锟窖硷拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟斤拷一一锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟节达拷锟斤拷號锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟給锟紷锟絅锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟较的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷{1锟斤拷2锟斤拷3锟斤拷}2.锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絪锟斤拷锟斤拷锟节憋拷示锟給锟睫硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟窖硷拷锟斤拷锟斤拷元锟截的癸拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟街﹐锟斤拷號锟斤拷式锟接碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟給锟斤拷锟节达拷锟斤拷號锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟給锟紷锟絅锟斤拷示锟斤拷锟较的凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷{x|P}(x锟斤拷該锟斤拷锟较碉拷元锟截碉拷一锟斤拷锟斤拷式锟斤拷P锟斤拷锟紷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟较碉拷元锟截的癸拷同锟斤拷锟斤拷)锟界：小锟节碉拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟組锟缴的硷拷锟较憋拷示锟介：{x|04.锟斤拷然锟絑锟皆筹拷锟矫旓拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟侥凤拷號锟斤拷(1)全锟絯锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷(锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷)锟斤拷記锟斤拷N;锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷0锟斤拷锟斤拷然锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷N*(2)锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)锟脚筹拷0锟侥硷拷锟斤拷也锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷Z+;負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(n锟斤拷i)也锟脚筹拷0锟侥硷拷锟斤拷锟絈負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷Z-(3)全锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷Z(4)全锟絯锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷Q锟斤拷Q={p/q|pZ锟斤拷qN锟斤拷锟斤拷p锟斤拷q锟斤拷锟絴(zh锟斤拷)}(锟斤拷負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟较分別記锟斤拷Q+Q-)(5)全锟絯锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟侥硷拷锟斤拷通锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絈锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷R(锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷記锟斤拷R+;負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)記锟斤拷R-)(6)锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷計锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟絓锟姐：锟斤拷锟较斤拷锟絈锟斤拷AB=BB=BA锟斤拷锟较結(ji锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(AC=AC)(AC=AC)锟斤拷锟较凤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷AC)=(A(AC)AC)=(A(AC)锟斤拷锟较碉拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷摩锟斤拷锟缴硷拷锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷Cu(AB)=CuACuBCu(AB)=CuACuB锟斤拷锟斤拷锟捷筹拷原锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫撅拷锟斤拷锟较時锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟叫碉拷元锟截傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟絵锟斤拷锟揭傦拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟睫硷拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷元锟截傦拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)記锟斤拷card(A)锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A={a锟斤拷b锟斤拷c}锟斤拷锟絫card(A)=3card(AB)=card(A)+card(B)-card(AB)card(AC)=card(A)+card(B)+card(C)-card(AB)-card(BC)-card(CA)+card(AC)1885锟斤拷聡锟斤拷锟�(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)锟揭ｏ拷锟斤拷锟斤拷論锟斤拷(chu锟斤拷ng)始锟剿匡拷锟叫狅拷談锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷一锟絶锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絜锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟角憋拷示锟斤拷锟较的筹拷锟矫凤拷式锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷AB)=AAB)=A锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷锟絘锟斤拷ACuA=UACuA=锟絆(sh锟斤拷)A锟介集锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷A锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟接硷拷锟斤拷(g锟斤拷u)锟缴的硷拷锟较斤拷锟斤拷A锟侥冪集锟斤拷摩锟斤拷锟斤拷A-(BUC)=(A-B)(A-C)A-(BC)=(A-B)U(A-C)锟斤拷(BUC)=~B~C锟斤拷(BC)=~BU~C~=E~E=锟斤拷锟解集锟较的憋拷示锟斤拷(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷C锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷R锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷R+負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷R-锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Z锟斤拷锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Z+負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Z-锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Q锟斤拷锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Q+負(f锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Q-锟斤拷锟斤拷0锟斤拷锟斤拷锟巾數(sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷Q*

锟斤拷锟絇(gu锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟絔锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷(sh锟斤拷)锟絎(xu锟斤拷)知锟絉锟絚锟絉锟斤拷

锟斤拷锟铰高匡拷锟結訊锟斤拷锟竭匡拷锟斤拷锟竭★拷锟斤拷前锟斤拷(zh锟斤拷n)锟斤拷锟斤拷志愿锟斤拷锟斤拷取锟斤拷?j锟斤拷n)?sh锟斤拷)锟斤拷锟斤拷

锟竭匡拷锟絩锟絞锟斤拷锟斤拷全锟斤拷锟斤拷要锟斤拷(ji锟斤拷)锟絚

锟組锟斤拷"锟竭匡拷锟絎(w锟斤拷ng)"微锟脚癸拷锟斤拷號