第二講   推理判斷題

　　這類題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的設(shè)題。它包括判斷和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。

　　常見的題干有：

　　1) It can be inferred from the text that.

　　2) We can conclude that.

　　3) When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that.

　　4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

　　判斷題考查學(xué)生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和判斷的能力。推理題考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力。

　　1) 判斷有據(jù), 推論有理, 忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。

　　2) 全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。

　　3) 善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。

　　4）不可直接選取文中的原句。

　　例1：                     Annealing

　　Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.（1990NMET）

　　①Why do people put hot metal in water?

　　A. To make it hard.     B. To make it soft.    C. To make it cool.     D. To make it brittle.

　　[分析]答案為A，此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說(shuō)如果把金屬加熱，然后迅速放到水里冷卻，也就會(huì)變得非常硬，但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨的客觀結(jié)果，故選A而不選D。B項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)

　　誤；C項(xiàng)是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。

　�、贗n annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __.

　　A. the quantity of water used     B. the temperature of the metal

　　C. the softness of the metal      D. the timing of the operation

　　[分析]答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時(shí)間的選擇。本答案的依據(jù)是5和6兩句，"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的時(shí)間是可以控制的，時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結(jié)論：在退火過(guò)程中，金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短影響的。

　�、跘s suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?

　　A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.    B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.

　　C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.    D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly.

　　[分析]答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到"metal"。最后一句說(shuō)退火工藝同樣可用于象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推斷C是正確的。

　　例2：At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件) because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.

　　It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. "I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down," says Ted Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.

　　Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new markets. Several Internet companies have been set upto help small businesses print quality documents from a computer. Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co. announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard copy of a business document, a medical record or just a one-line e-mail, even if they are nowhere near a computer. As the company sees it, the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers.

　　Does all this mean environmental concerns(環(huán)境問(wèn)題) have been forgotten? Some activists suggest people have been led to believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away. "I guess people believe that the problem is taken care of, because of recycling(回收利用)," said Kelly Quirke, director of the Rainforest Action Network in San Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpful. He says printers that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.（2003年全國(guó)卷）

　�、躎he growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to___________．

　　A．the rapid development of small businesses  B．the opening up of new markets

　　C．the printing of high quality copies         D．the increased use of the Internet

　　[分析]本文話題為辦公用紙與環(huán)保，講述了計(jì)算機(jī)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展并沒有如人們先前所預(yù)料的那樣幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)紙化辦公，相反地，隨著打印技術(shù)的發(fā)展，用紙量日益增大．于是還得依靠科技，尋找雙面打印與開拓農(nóng)業(yè)廢料提供造紙?jiān)�料等出路了．文中涉及科技發(fā)展、生產(chǎn)需求與環(huán)保之間的關(guān)系，內(nèi)涵十分深刻，平時(shí)“兩耳不聞窗外事”的人是很難一下讀明白的．本題考查對(duì)于文中提供的事實(shí)與線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理的能力．

　　近年來(lái)紙張用量增加的原因何在?第2段中做出解釋：It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-con-nected computers，．．．when e-mail is introduced， the printers start working overtime．．．The growing demand for paper看來(lái)正是a result of use of Internet-connected computers．本題答案為D．其余3個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容雖然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非題干所問(wèn)紙張用量增長(zhǎng)的直接原因，可逐一排除．

　　中，C項(xiàng)干擾性最大，第3段中所提及的Several Internet companies have been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer 與選項(xiàng)C十分接近，因而對(duì)他們構(gòu)成迷惑，這是因?yàn)榭忌鷽]有能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到這一事實(shí)出現(xiàn)在本段中，只是為了說(shuō)明how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself，然而the printing of high quality copies本身并非紙張需求增長(zhǎng)的原因．

　　“閱讀理解”解題過(guò)程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基礎(chǔ)上找到與本題相關(guān)的線索，弄清各項(xiàng)事實(shí)之間的聯(lián)系，辨別選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容之間的細(xì)微差別，排除干擾，找準(zhǔn)最佳答案．[答案]  D

　�、軪nvironmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the paper situation is_________．

　　A．to encourage printing more quality documents  B．to develop new printers using recycled paper

　　C．to find new materials for making paper        D．to plant more fast-growing trees

　　[分析]本題問(wèn)及環(huán)保人士(environmentalists)對(duì)于用紙所引起的環(huán)保問(wèn)題的解決途徑所持看法．結(jié)尾段中談到：The action group (= the environmentalists) has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood， such as agricultural waste，也就是本題選項(xiàng)中的C項(xiàng)to find new materials for making paper．

　　通過(guò)查讀可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)D在文中根本沒有涉及，選項(xiàng)B將文中細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容做了一點(diǎn)改變，形成干擾．

　　考慮B項(xiàng)，文中為：the problem is taken care of， because of recycling．．．；．．．printers that prin to on both sides are growing in popularity(結(jié)尾段)；兩處內(nèi)容綜合衍生而成選項(xiàng)B．但并未說(shuō)有使用recycled paper的new printers，本項(xiàng)應(yīng)排除．

　　D項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的plant more fast-growing trees則在文中完全沒有提到．[答案]  c

　　⑥Hewlett-Packard Co． has decided to develop new technologies because ________．

　　A．people are concerned about the environment   B．printers in many offices are working overtime

　　C．small companies need more hard copies       D．they see a growing market for printers

　　[分析]題干中的HP Company(這家公司在打印機(jī)和電腦廠商里也可算是聞名遐邇了)是對(duì)我們尋找答案極為有用的線索，循此很快可以找到第3段里，該公司develop new technologies的原因(也是目的)在于：enable people to print even more．．．．本段結(jié)尾則一語(yǔ)道破：As the company sees it，the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers．顯然只是要讓人們更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技術(shù)發(fā)展的原因與環(huán)保無(wú)關(guān)(排除A項(xiàng))；與超時(shí)辦公也無(wú)直接邏輯聯(lián)系(排除B項(xiàng))；對(duì)于hard copies有需求的也不僅僅是small companies(排除C項(xiàng))；本題正確答案為D．

　　例3：A visitor visits an island where two tribes live. One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the native,” Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, "He said he lives on the western side of the island."Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure??

　�、逜ccording to the messenger's answer, the visitor can conclude that_______________?

　　A. The messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth.?

　　B. the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.

　　C. it's hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth  teller or not.

　　D. the messenger probably lives in the western side of the island because his answer may be true.

　　[分析]推測(cè)有關(guān)信使（近處的當(dāng)?shù)厝耍┣闆r的。我們知道，講真話的部落住在島的西部，撒謊的部落住在島的東部。這個(gè)信使去問(wèn)遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡趰u的哪一邊（東部還是西部）。遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝酥荒苡袃煞N情況，要么住在島的西部，要么住在島的東部。如果他住在島的西部，他就是一個(gè)講真話的人，他就會(huì)如實(shí)回答他住在西部。如果他住在島的東部，他就是一個(gè)撒謊的人。他本來(lái)住在東部，但在回答時(shí)，必須要說(shuō)謊，他只能回答他住在西部。所以遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬还苁亲≡跂|部還是西部，他的回答只有一個(gè)：“我住在西部”。如果信使告訴參觀者遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡谖鞑�，信使無(wú)疑是說(shuō)了真話，那么信使一定是住在島的西部。反之，如果信使告訴參觀者遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡跂|部，那么信使就說(shuō)了假話，信使肯定住在東部。故此題答案是A。

　�、郥he native in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong??

　　A. He may live on the eastern side of the island.  ?

　　B. He may live on the western side of the island.?

　　C. He may be telling the truth.?

　　D. He can't be telling the truth.

　　[分析]推測(cè)遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝说那闆r。從短文提供的信息來(lái)看，我們無(wú)法判定遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝耸亲≡趰u的東部還是島的西部，兩種情況都是可能存在的。此題要注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣。A.“他可能住在島的西部”;B.“他可能住在島的東部”;C.“他可能講了真話”。上述A、B、C三種情況都是可能的。D.“他不可能講真話”，語(yǔ)氣太絕對(duì)。推測(cè)錯(cuò)誤。故答案為D。?

　　例4：When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I.  One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,” Are you single?"? “Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily.“So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her?"?

　�、酺he writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.

　　A. she was young               B. it a pleasure to make friends with her?

　　C. she was beautiful             D. it strange for her to fall in love with him

　　⑩The waitress said hello to the writer every day because___________.?

　　A. she lived near his house             B. he often went to visit her mother

　　C. she wanted to be friendly with him    D. she loved him very much?

　　[分析]這是兩道推測(cè)原因的題目。女服務(wù)員每天向作者示好，作者產(chǎn)生誤解，以為女孩對(duì)他有意�？紤]到他們年齡相差懸殊，作者認(rèn)為女孩愛上他有點(diǎn)奇怪。故第⑨題答案是D。女孩問(wèn)作者是否單身，并提到她母親也是單身，并邀請(qǐng)他與她母親見面，可見，女孩每天向他問(wèn)好，目的是想取得他的好感，進(jìn)而搓和他和她母親。第⑩題答案是C。?