一. 本周教學(xué)內(nèi)容：

　　閱讀技巧訓(xùn)練（三）

　　遇到難以判斷、歸納的題怎么辦？

　　1. 歸納、主旨題。

　　提問形式：

　�。�1）What’s the story mainly about?

　　（2）What is the main idea of this passage?

　�。�3）From this passage we know ______.

　　（4）The story mainly tells us ______.

　�。�5）What is the best title of this passage?

　�。�6）What is the author’s main purpose?

　　解決辦法：

　　（1）要善于捕捉主題句、關(guān)鍵詞信息。

　　主題句的位置：首句，文中或末尾。

　　（2）要善于歸納段落中最根本，最有概括性的信息。

　　通常文章的內(nèi)容都是圍繞著主題，從幾個方面進行論述的。

　�。�3）排除干擾項；其他3個選項中的內(nèi)容往往在文章中也可能被提到，但他們通常是細節(jié)問題，也許它是某一段的主題，但缺乏對全文的概括。因此，要分清主次。

　　實例分析：

　　Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing you own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect you choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home. If you were brought up in a two-child family and both you and your sister or brother had your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you have two children or more, that you also will offer separate bedrooms for them. In America, for example, they train people to want to have their own rooms by giving them their own rooms when they are babies. This is very rare in the world. In many other countries, the baby sleeps in the same bed with his parents or in bed near them.

　　The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs. Some families gather closer to each other and the size of their house has nothing to do with it. Others have separate little corners where family members go to be alone.

　　Although it is true that psychological space needs are not decided by economic reasons, they sometimes have to be changed a little because of economic pressures. It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

　　The best title for the passage is _______.

　　A. American Way of Living

　　B. Psychological Space

　　C. Space Needs in Different countries

　　D. Psychological Space and Economic Pressure

　　本文提出了生活空間的需求取決于心理空間需求的問題。如第一段所描述Not everyone in the world requires the same amount of living space. The amount of space a person needs around him is a cultural difference, not an economic one. Knowing you own psychological space needs is important because they strongly affect you choices, including, for example, the number of bedrooms in the home.

　　第二段：

　　The space in the home also shows a lot about psychological space needs.

　　進一步闡述心理空間所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。

　　第三段：

　　作者談到經(jīng)濟壓力會使你的心理空間帶來一點點改變，但最后作者強調(diào)：It is almost impossible, however, to completely change your psychological space needs.

　　通讀全文我們不難看出，選項B是對全文的提煉、概括、是全文的中心論點。

　�。�2）深層理解：邏輯推斷判斷；作者意圖

　　提問形式：

　�。�1）The passage suggests that _______.

　�。�2）We can infer from reading the passage ________.

　�。�3）As we can learn from the text, which of the following was ______.

　　（4）We can conclude from the second paragraph _______.

　�。�5）The writer’s purpose in writing this passage seems to be _______.

　　解決辦法：

　�。�1）排除干擾項。干擾項的特點：擴大事實范圍、縮小范圍、文中已提到的事實、以次代主。

　　（2）要善于把握作者的語氣，是嚴肅或輕松，幽默或諷刺，平和或激動，樂觀或悲觀。

　�。�3）答案不是原句，但一定要能在原文中找到依據(jù)。并有深度的理解。

　�。�4）特別要注意：不脫離原文，不憑自己的意愿推斷。

　　實例分析（一）：

　　Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of a lift operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?

　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a hairdresser, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?

　　Uniforms also have many practical good points. They often more comfortable and more lasting than civilian clothes.

　　Primary among the argument against uniforms is their lack of variety and the loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they are likely to think, speak, and act similarly on the job at least.

　　Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of a civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.

　　It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

　　A. People generally trust a person in uniform

　　B. People enjoy wearing comfortable uniform

　　C. the cost of the uniform is accepted to people

　　D. people wear uniforms to show their professions

　　本文是議論文。話題：“制服”。

　　第一段：提出問題－－美國人為什么對制服表現(xiàn)出如此地熱衷和敬意。

　　第二、三段：陳述正面觀點－－人們認為穿制服更能體現(xiàn)出職業(yè)。這里面的職業(yè)是指具有專業(yè)技能。因此，人們對穿制服的工作人員就更加信任。如文中所描述的：People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.

　　第四、五段：提出反面意見－－制服樣式單調(diào)、不能體現(xiàn)個性、造價和清洗都比普通服裝貴。

　　答案：A. 根據(jù)文章的第二段內(nèi)容，人們對穿制服的人非常信任因為他們具有良好的專業(yè)技術(shù)。（參照上面的分析）。其他選項：B. 人們喜歡穿舒適的制服。文中雖提到了舒適是制服的優(yōu)點之一。但這只是一個枝節(jié)，不是文章的主流。C. 制服的成本為人們所接受。文中提到的恰好是反面觀點，人們認為它造價昂貴。D. 人們穿制服來表現(xiàn)出他們的職業(yè)。這個選項過于趨于表面，沒有深度。

　　實例分析（二）：

　　Some people are nerve right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong things and say the wrong things. And even if what they say or do is O.K., they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.

　　Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses and the airplanes. Even if he does miss them, it is always the fault of the buses and the airplanes.

　　Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesn’t ask questions; he answers questions. He never say “I don’t know”.

　　I don’t know Mrs. Neff. It seems that not many people know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Does she often break dishes of miss buses?

　　Does she have problems? I wonder.

　　1. Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait （特征）of Mr. Neff’s character?

　　A. He is a very wise man.        B. He plans everything well.

　　C. He is moral and kink-hearted.      D. He is satisfied with himself.

　　2. The writer really thinks that _______.

　　A. Mr. Neff is always right.

　　B. Mr. Neff usually has good luck.

　　C. Mr. Neff almost knows everything.

　　D. It is the fault of the buses and the airplanes when Mr. Neff misses them.

　　3. Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs. Neff?

　　A. She probably obeys her husband in everything.

　　B. She probably feels proud to a help to her husband.

　　C. She probably quarrels with her husband all the time.

　　D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband.

　　4. Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude towards Mr. Neff?

　　A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand

　　B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.

　　C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.

　　D. He doesn’t like Mr. Neff.

　　本篇文章沒有生詞，但選項并不好選。主要解決方法：要弄清作者的觀點、態(tài)度。要通過文中的給我們的關(guān)鍵詞、句以及作者的語氣，領(lǐng)會其話外之音。只有這樣才能把握文章的層次和作者的意圖。把握作者的語氣是掌握其意圖的關(guān)鍵。

　　在文章中作者運用了較多的“never, always, usually”字眼。如：“Some people are nerve right. They never have good luck. ”“He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. ”“He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses and the airplanes. ”“Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He never say “I don’t know”. 話說的太絕對則就意味著“非也”。而下面的“Even if he does miss them, it is always the fault of the buses and the airplanes. ”則把作者的嘲笑，諷刺不以然的態(tài)度展現(xiàn)出來。通篇看來作者運用了絕對化的副詞，前后矛盾的手法使諷刺之意貫穿全文。作者在諷刺什么呢？當然是那些自以為是的“懦夫”們。這樣答案就明朗化了。

　　答案：

　　1. D  從第二、三段可以看出；他是一個自以為是的人。

　　2. B  從作者的語氣可以看出他的態(tài)度。

　　3. A  Mr. Neff 是如此的“正確”而他的妻子卻默默無聞“It seems that not many people know her. ”因此可以判斷妻子是順從的。

　　4. D  全篇已把作者的態(tài)度非常明朗化了。